Supergroups of dihedral group:D8
Contents |
This article gives specific information, namely, supergroups, about a particular group, namely: dihedral group:D8.
View supergroups of particular groups | View other specific information about dihedral group:D8
This article discusses some of the groups that admit the dihedral group of order eight as a subgroup, quotient group, or subquotient.
Note that unlike the discussion of the subgroup structure of dihedral group:D8, this discussion is necessarily not comprehensive, because there are infinitely many groups containing the dihedral group of order eight. However, we provide a comprehensive discussion of all the groups of order sixteen containing this as a subgroup or quotient group.
Subgroups and quotients: essential minimalist examples
Subgroups: making all the automorphisms inner
Further information: extensions for nontrivial outer action of Z2 on D8
The outer automorphism group of dihedral group:D8 is cyclic group:Z2. There are two possibilities for a group admitting dihedral group:D8 as a NSCFN-subgroup (a normal fully normalized subgroup that is also a self-centralizing subgroup). The significance of these is that all automorphisms of dihedral group:D8 extend to inner automorphisms in these bigger groups.
For both of these, the quotient by the normal subgroup dihedral group:D8 is its outer automorphism group cyclic group:Z2, and hence they both have order 16. The two groups are given below:
Group | Second part of GAP ID (order is 16) | Embedding of ![]() |
---|---|---|
dihedral group:D16 | 7 | D8 in D16 |
semidihedral group:SD16 | 8 | D8 in SD16 |
Quotients: Schur covering groups
Further information: group cohomology of dihedral group:D8#Schur multiplier, second cohomology group for trivial group action of D8 on Z2
The Schur multiplier of dihedral group:D8 is cyclic group:Z2. The corresponding Schur covering groups (i.e., stem extensions with normal subgroup the Schur multiplier and quotient group the dihedral group itself) are all of order 16. Each of these has a normal subgroup isomorphic to cyclic group:Z2 with corresponding quotient group dihedral group:D8. In fact, the normal subgroup is precisely the center in all these cases. The list is below:
Schur covering group | Second part of GAP ID (order is 16) | Embedding of center (with quotient ![]() |
---|---|---|
dihedral group:D16 | 7 | center of dihedral group:D16 |
semidihedral group:SD16 | 8 | center of semidihedral group:SD16 |
generalized quaternion group:Q16 | 9 | center of generalized quaternion group:Q16 |
General lists
Direct products
Each of the groups listed below arises as the external direct product of dihedral group:D8 and some nontrivial group. In particular, each of these contains dihedral group:D8 as a direct factor -- and hence as both a normal subgroup and a quotient group.
Note that since order of direct product is product of orders, if the other group has order , the order of the direct product is
.
Other factor of direct product | Order | Second part of GAP ID | Value of direct product | Order | Second part of GAP ID | Hall-Senior symbol (if applicable) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cyclic group:Z2 | 2 | 1 | direct product of D8 and Z2 | 16 | 11 | ![]() |
cyclic group:Z3 | 3 | 1 | direct product of D8 and Z3 | 24 | 10 | -- |
cyclic group:Z4 | 4 | 1 | direct product of D8 and Z4 | 32 | 25 | ![]() |
Klein four-group | 4 | 2 | direct product of D8 and V4 | 32 | 46 | ![]() |
cyclic group:Z5 | 5 | 1 | direct product of D8 and Z5 | 40 | 10 | -- |
symmetric group:S3 | 6 | 1 | direct product of D8 and S3 | 48 | 38 | -- |
cyclic group:Z6 | 6 | 2 | direct product of D8 and Z6 | 48 | 45 | -- |
cyclic group:Z7 | 7 | 1 | direct product of D8 and Z7 | 56 | 9 | -- |
cyclic group:Z8 | 8 | 1 | direct product of Z8 and D8 | 64 | 115 | ? |
direct product of Z4 and Z2 | 8 | 2 | direct product of D8 and Z4 and Z2 | 64 | 196 | ? |
dihedral group:D8 | 8 | 3 | direct product of D8 and D8 | 64 | 226 | ? |
quaternion group | 8 | 4 | direct product of D8 and Q8 | 64 | 230 | ? |
elementary abelian group:E8 | 8 | 5 | direct product of D8 and E8 | 64 | 261 | ![]() |
Central products with common subgroup of order two identified
We consider the central product of dihedral group:D8 with some other group with a common central subgroup of order two. The dihedral group arises as a normal subgroup (specifically, a central factor) but not a quotient group of the whole group.
We restrict attention to central products with groups that have a cyclic central subgroup of order two that is not a direct factor -- because if the cyclic central subgroup of order two is a direct factor, the central product can be realized as a direct product.
Note that by the product formula, if the order of the other group is , the order of the central product is
.
Other component of central product | Order | Second part of GAP ID | Choice of central subgroup of order two | Value of central product | Order | Second part of GAP ID | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cyclic group:Z4 | 4 | 1 | unique choice | central product of D8 and Z4 | 16 | 13 | Same as the central product of quaternion group and cyclic group:Z4. |
cyclic group:Z8 | 8 | 1 | unique choice | central product of D8 and Z8 | 32 | 38 | Same as the central product of quaternion group and cyclic group:Z8. Also, coincides with the central product of M16 and cyclic group:Z8 with an identified cyclic group:Z4. |
direct product of Z4 and Z2 | 8 | 2 | squares | direct product of SmallGroup(16,13) and Z2 | 32 | 48 | Same as the corresponding central product where the dihedral group is replaced by the quaternion group. |
dihedral group:D8 | 8 | 3 | unique choice | inner holomorph of D8 | 32 | 49 | The extraspecial group of "+" type for ![]() |
quaternion group | 8 | 4 | unique choice | central product of D8 and Q8 | 32 | 50 | The extraspecial group of "-" type for ![]() |
Semidirect products with it as normal piece
Other piece | Way it's acting | Value of semidirect product | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
cyclic group:Z2 | Outer automorphism that fixes pointwise the cyclic maximal subgroup | dihedral group:D16 | |
cyclic group:Z2 | Outer automorphism that moves cyclic maximal subgroup | central product of D8 and Z4 |
Wreath products with it as base
Wreathing group | Way it's acting | Value of wreath product | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
cyclic group:Z2 | Regular group action | wreath product of D8 and Z2 | Also the ![]() |
Groups containing this as a Sylow subgroup
Further information: fusion systems for dihedral group:D8
Note that the -Sylow subgroup is a normal Sylow subgroup if and only if the
-Sylow number equals
.
If the 2-Sylow subgroup has a normal complement, i.e., the group is a 2-nilpotent group, then the fusion system for the prime 2 is the inner fusion system. If, however, the group is not 2-nilpotent, then the fusion system for the prime 2 must be the unique non-inner fusion system on the dihedral group.
Group | Order | GAP ID second part | ![]() |
![]() |
Embedding information (if available) | Complement, i.e., ![]() |
Choice of fusion system (see fusion systems for dihedral group:D8) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dihedral group:D24 | 24 | 6 | 3 | 3 | cyclic group:Z3 | inner (because it has a normal complement) | |
SmallGroup(24,8) | 24 | 8 | 3 | 3 | cyclic group:Z3 | inner (because it has a normal complement) | |
direct product of D8 and Z3 | 24 | 10 | 3 | 1 | cyclic group:Z3 | inner (because it has a normal complement) | |
symmetric group:S4 | 24 | 12 | 3 | 3 | D8 in S4 | cyclic group:Z3 | non-inner non-simple fusion system for dihedral group:D8 |
dihedral group:D40 | 40 | 6 | 5 | 5 | cyclic group:Z5 | inner (because it has a normal complement) | |
SmallGroup(40,8) | 40 | 8 | 5 | 5 | cyclic group:Z5 | inner (because it has a normal complement) | |
direct product of D8 and Z5 | 40 | 10 | 5 | 5 | cyclic group:Z5 | inner (because it has a normal complement) | |
symmetric group:S5 | 120 | 34 | 15 | 15 | D8 in S5 | -- | non-inner non-simple fusion system for dihedral group:D8 |
projective special linear group:PSL(3,2) | 168 | 42 | 21 | 21 | D8 in PSL(3,2) | (subgroup of order 21, link not available) | simple fusion system for dihedral group:D8 |
Groups containing this as a subgroup of index two
The general procedure
Note first that any subgroup of index two is normal, so the groups we are interested in classifying have the dihedral group of order eight as a normal subgroup of index two.
We can use cohomology theory to begin this analysis. Specifically, we are interested in groups of order sixteen where the dihedral group of order eight is the normal subgroup and the quotient group is the cyclic group of order two. We denote by the dihedral group of order eight and
the quotient group, which is cyclic of order two.
The classification proceeds in three steps:
- Determine the set of possible homomorphisms
. In this case, both
and
(the outer automorphism group of
) are cyclic of order two.
- For each such homomorphism, determine whether an extension exists.
- If an extension exists, classify the extensions using the second cohomology group
corresponding to the induced action on
from the homomorphism to
.
It turns out that is isomorphic to cyclic group:Z2. Further, for each choice of homomorphism, the induced action on
is trivial, so in both cases, we get a copy of
, which is isomorphic to
. For more information, see second cohomology group for trivial group action of Z2 on Z2.
Details on extension sets
- Extensions for trivial outer action of Z2 on D8: This discusses the case where the homomorphism from
to
is the trivial map. There are two sub-cases for the extension.
- Extensions for nontrivial outer action of Z2 on D8: This discusses the case where the homomorphism from
to
is a nontrivial map. There are two sub-cases for the extension.
Details
Choice of homomorphism from ![]() ![]() |
Choice of cohomology class for that homomorphism | Extension group | GAP ID second part (order is 16) | Is the ![]() |
Is the ![]() |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
trivial map | trivial class | direct product of D8 and Z2 | 11 | Yes | No |
trivial map | nontrivial class | central product of D8 and Z4 | 13 | Yes | No |
nontrivial map | doesn't make sense since no natural origin in case of nontrivial map | dihedral group:D16 | 7 | Yes | No |
nontrivial map | doesn't make sense since no natural origin in case of nontrivial map | semidihedral group:SD16 | 8 | No | Yes |
Groups containing a normal subgroup of order two with this as quotient
The list of groups with a normal subgroup isomorphic to cyclic group:Z2 and the quotient isomorphic to dihedral group:D8 is completely classified by second cohomology group for trivial group action of D8 on Z2. The cohomology group is isomorphic to elementary abelian group:E8, with some repetitions (i.e., multiple extensions give isomorphic extension groups). The elements are given below:
Cohomology class type | Number of cohomology classes | Corresponding group extension | GAP ID (second part, order is 16) | Stem extension? | Base characteristic in whole group? | Hall-Senior family (equivalence class up to being isoclinic) | Nilpotency class of whole group (at least 2, at most 3) | Derived length of whole group (always exactly 2) | Minimum size of generating set of whole group (at least 2, at most 3) | Subgroup information on base in whole group |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
trivial | 1 | direct product of D8 and Z2 | 11 | No | No | ![]() |
2 | 2 | 3 | |
nontrivial and symmetric | 1 | nontrivial semidirect product of Z4 and Z4 | 4 | No | Yes | ![]() |
2 | 2 | 2 | Subgroup generated by a non-commutator square in nontrivial semidirect product of Z4 and Z4 |
nontrivial and symmetric | 2 | SmallGroup(16,3) | 3 | No | No | ![]() |
2 | 2 | 2 | |
non-symmetric | 1 | dihedral group:D16 | 7 | Yes | Yes | ![]() |
3 | 2 | 2 | center of dihedral group:D16 |
non-symmetric | 1 | generalized quaternion group:Q16 | 9 | Yes | Yes | ![]() |
3 | 2 | 2 | center of generalized quaternion group:Q16 |
non-symmetric | 2 | semidihedral group:SD16 | 8 | Yes | Yes | ![]() |
3 | 2 | 2 | center of semidihedral group:SD16 |
Total (6 rows) | 8 (equals order of the cohomology group) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Groups containing this as a subgroup of index four
Groups containing it as a normal subgroup with quotient cyclic of order four
Further information: second cohomology group for trivial group action of Z4 on Z2
These are groups containing a normal subgroup isomorphic to dihedral group:D8 and quotient group
isomorphic to cyclic group:Z4. All these extensions are classified as follows: for each element of
, there is a
worth of extensions for the induced action on
, which is necessarily trivial.
Here is information on the extension sets:
- Extensions for trivial outer action of Z4 on D8: There are two extensions.
- Extensions for nontrivial outer action of Z4 on D8: There are two extensions.
Here is a list of all four extensions:
Choice of homomorphism from ![]() ![]() |
Choice of cohomology class for that homomorphism | Extension group | GAP ID second part (order is 32) | Is the ![]() |
Is the ![]() |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
trivial map | trivial class | direct product of D8 and Z4 | 25 | Yes | No |
trivial map | nontrivial class | central product of D8 and Z8 | 38 | No | No |
nontrivial map | doesn't make sense since no natural origin in case of nontrivial map | SmallGroup(32,9) | 9 | Yes | No |
nontrivial map | doesn't make sense since no natural origin in case of nontrivial map | wreath product of Z4 and Z2 | 11 | Yes | Yes |
Groups containing it as a normal subgroup with quotient a Klein four-group
Further information: second cohomology group for trivial group action of V4 on Z2
These are groups containing a normal subgroup isomorphic to dihedral group:D8 and quotient group
isomorphic to Klein four-group. All these extensions are classified as follows: for each element of
, there is a
worth of extensions for the induced action on
, which is necessarily trivial.
The group for the trivial action is isomorphic to elementary abelian group:E8. More information is available at second cohomology group for trivial group action of V4 on Z2.
Choice of homomorphism from ![]() ![]() |
Choice of cohomology class for that homomorphism | Extension group | GAP ID second part (order is 32) | Is the ![]() |
Is the ![]() |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
trivial map | trivial class | direct product of D8 and V4 | 46 | Yes | No |
trivial map | symmetric nontrivial class | direct product of SmallGroup(16,13) and Z2 | 48 | Yes | No |
trivial map | one of the non-symmetric classes | inner holomorph of D8 | 49 | Yes | No |
trivial map | one of the non-symmetric classes | central product of D8 and Q8 | 50 | No | No |
nontrivial map | doesn't make sense since no natural origin in case of nontrivial map | direct product of D16 and Z2 | 39 | Yes | No |
nontrivial map | doesn't make sense since no natural origin in case of nontrivial map | direct product of SD16 and Z2 | 40 | No | No |
nontrivial map | doesn't make sense since no natural origin in case of nontrivial map | central product of D16 and Z4 | 42 | No | No |
nontrivial map | doesn't make sense since no natural origin in case of nontrivial map | holomorph of Z8 | 43 | Yes | Yes |
nontrivial map | doesn't make sense since no natural origin in case of nontrivial map | SmallGroup(32,44) | 44 | No | Yes |