Normal versus permutable
This survey article compares, and contrasts, the following subgroup properties: normal subgroup versus permutable subgroup
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Introduction
This article is about the relation, the similarity and contrast, between the well-known subgroup property of normality and the somewhat more obscure subgroup property called permutability: permuting with every subgroup.
Definitions
Normal subgroup
Further information: Normal subgroup
A subgroup of a group
is termed normal if for every
:
In other words, its left cosets equal its right cosets.
Permutable subgroup
Further information: Permutable subgroup
A subgroup of a group
is termed permutable or quasinormal if for every subgroup
of
:
In other words, and
are permuting subgroups.
It actually suffices to check the condition only for all cyclic subgroups of
.
Implication relations
Every normal subgroup is permutable
Further information: Normal implies permutable
Normality requires the subgroup to commute with every element. Hence, it commutes with every subset, and in particular, with every subgroup.
Every permutable subgroup need not be normal
Further information: Permutable not implies normal
Similar behavior with respect to intermediate subgroups
Normality satisfies intermediate subgroup condition, transfer condition, inverse image condition
Further information: Normality satisfies intermediate subgroup condition, Normality satisfies transfer condition, Normality satisfies inverse image condition
It is clear from the definition that if is normal in
, then
is also normal in any intermediate subgroup. It is further clear that, for any subgroup
,
is normal in
. Finally, the inverse image of a normal subgroup under any homomorphism is also normal.
Permutability satisfies intermediate subgroup condition, transfer condition, inverse image condition
Further information: Permutability satisfies intermediate subgroup condition, Permutability satisfies transfer condition, Normality satisfies inverse image condition
If is permutable in
, then
is also permutable in any intermediate subgroup. Further, it is true that for any
,
is permutable in
. Finally, the inverse image of a permutable subgroup under any homomorphism is permutable.
Transitivity and transiters
Neither property is transitive
Further information: Normality is not transitive, Permutability is not transitive
A normal subgroup of a normal subgroup need not be normal. Similarly, a permutable subgroup of a permutable subgroup need not be permutable.
Left transiter for normality
Further information: Characteristic of normal implies normal, Left transiter of normal is characteristic
If is a characteristic subgroup of
and
is a normal subgroup of
, then
is normal in
as well.
In fact, if is a subgroup such that whenever
is normal in some bigger group
, so is
, we must have that
is characteristic in
.
Left transiter for permutability
Further information: Left-transitively permutable implies characteristic
It is unclear what the left transiter of permutability should be. In other words, there is no known characterization yet of subgroups of
such that whenever
is a permutable subgroup of some bigger group
containing
, so is
.
It is true that if or
is trivial, this is satisfied. Further, if
is left-transitively permutable in
(i.e., it satisfies the above property) then
must be a characteristic subgroup. However, characteristicity is probably not a sufficient condition.
Effect of joins and intersections
Normality is closed under both
Further information: Normality is strongly join-closed, normality is strongly intersection-closed
Permutability is closed under joins but not under intersections
Further information: Permutability is strongly join-closed, Permutability is not finite-intersection-closed
An arbitrary join of permutable subgroups is permutable. However, an intersection of two permutable subgroups need not be permutable. In fact, even if one of the subgroups is normal, the intersection need not be permutable.
Upper join-closedness
Further information: Normality is upper join-closed, Permutability is not upper join-closed
If is normal in a collection of intermediate subgroups
of a group
, then
is also normal in the join of the
s.
The corresponding statement is not true for permutability. If is permutable in intermediate subgroups
and
of
,
need not be permutable in the join
.
Corresponding notions of simplicity
- Simple group is a group that has no proper nontrivial normal subgroups.
- The analogous notion for permutable subgroups would be a group that has no proper nontrivial permutable subgroups.
It turns out that for a slender group (i.e., a group satisfying an ascending chain condition on all subgroups), the two notions are equivalent. This follows from the fact that any maximal conjugate-permutable subgroup is normal. Since conjugate-permutability is a weaker condition than permutability, the existence of a proper nontrivial permutable subgroup implies the existence of a proper nontrivial conjugate-permutable subgroup, and the ascendin chain condition forces the existence of a maximal proper conjugate-permutable subgroup containing it. This is a proper nontrivial normal subgroup by the given fact, so the existence of a proper nontrivial permutable subgroup implies the existence of a proper nontrivial normal subgroup.
Some operators
Hereditarily operator and Hamiltonian operator
Further information: Hereditarily normal subgroup, Hereditarily permutable subgroup, Dedekind group, PH-group
- A hereditarily normal subgroup is a normal subgroup such that any subgroup contained in it is normal. It turns out that the center, or more generally, any central subgroup, is a hereditarily normal subgroup. A cyclic normal subgroup is also hereditarily normal.
- A hereditarily permutable subgroup is a permutable subgroup such that any subgroup contained in it is permutable. It turns out that the Baer norm (defined as the intersection of normalizers of all subgroups), and more generally, any subgroup of the Baer norm, is hereditarily permutable.
- A Dedekind group is a group in which every subgroup is normal. A Hamiltonian group is a non-abelian Dedekind group. It turns out that the center and the Baer norm are both Dedekind groups (although the Baer norm is Dedekind, every subgroup of it need not be normal in the whole group). All Hamiltonian groups have been classified.
- A PH-group is a non-abelian group where every subgroup is permutable.
Relation in finite groups
Permutable as sandwiched between normal and subnormal
Further information: Permutable implies subnormal in finite, Permutable implies subnormal in group of finite composition length
In a finite group, or more generally in a group of finite composition length, any permutable subgroup is subnormal. In fact, there are many properties sandwiched between permutability and subnormality for finite groups. Among these is the property of being a conjugate-permutable subgroup: a subgroup that permutes with each of its conjugates. This is stronger than subnormality but weaker than permutability. Slightly stronger than conjugate-permutability is the property of being an automorph-permutable subgroup.
Situations where the two notions coincide
- Group in which every permutable subgroup is normal: This is a group where every permutable subgroup is normal. For finite groups, a T-group, which is a group in which subnormal subgroup is normal, is also a group in which every permutable subgroup is normal.
- In a finite group, any permutable subgroup that is a subnormal-to-normal subgroup, or an intermediately subnormal-to-normal subgroup, is normal. For instance, any permutable Sylow subgroup is normal, and any permutable Hall subgroup is normal. Any permutable pronormal subroup is normal too.