Cyclic maximal subgroup of dihedral group:D8
This article is about a particular subgroup in a group, up to equivalence of subgroups (i.e., an isomorphism of groups that induces the corresponding isomorphism of subgroups). The subgroup is (up to isomorphism) cyclic group:Z4 and the group is (up to isomorphism) dihedral group:D8 (see subgroup structure of dihedral group:D8).
The subgroup is a normal subgroup and the quotient group is isomorphic to cyclic group:Z2.
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This article discusses the dihedral group of order eight and the cyclic maximal subgroup (the subgroup of order four) of this group. We call the dihedral group , and use the following presentation:
and we set:
.
In the typical description of as a permutation group:
we have:
Contents
- 1 Cosets
- 2 Complements
- 3 Arithmetic functions
- 4 Effect of subgroup operators
- 5 Related subgroups
- 6 Bigger groups
- 7 Subgroup properties
- 7.1 Invariance under automorphisms and endomorphisms: basic properties
- 7.2 Invariance under automorphisms and endomorphisms: advanced properties
- 7.3 Advanced properties related to resemblance and corollaries for invariance
- 7.4 Properties related to embeddings in bigger groups
- 7.5 Properties related to conjugacy and splitting and transitivity of normality
- 7.6 Generic maximality notions
- 7.7 Maximality notions related to abelianness
- 8 In the context of different ways of thinking about the dihedral group
- 9 In the context of different embeddings of the dihedral group
- 10 Comparison with cyclic maximal subgroup in other dihedral groups
- 11 GAP implementation
Cosets
The subgroup has index two and is hence a normal subgroup. Its left cosets coincide with its right cosets, and there are exactly two of them: the subgroup itself and the rest of the group:
Complements
COMPLEMENTS TO NORMAL SUBGROUP: TERMS/FACTS TO CHECK AGAINST:
TERMS: permutable complements | permutably complemented subgroup | lattice-complemented subgroup | complemented normal subgroup (normal subgroup that has permutable complement, equivalently, that has lattice complement) | retract (subgroup having a normal complement)
FACTS: complement to normal subgroup is isomorphic to quotient | complements to abelian normal subgroup are automorphic | complements to normal subgroup need not be automorphic | Schur-Zassenhaus theorem (two parts: normal Hall implies permutably complemented and Hall retract implies order-conjugate)
as four permutable complements, which are also precisely its lattice complements, and none of them is a normal complement.
Property | Meaning | Satisfied? | Explanation | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
complemented normal subgroup | normal subgroup with permutable complement | Yes | see above | |
permutably complemented subgroup | subgroup with permutable complement | Yes | (via complemented normal) | |
lattice-complemented subgroup | subgroup with lattice complement | Yes | (via permutably complemented) | |
retract | has a normal complement | No | ||
direct factor | normal subgroup with normal complement | No |
Arithmetic functions
Function | Value | Explanation |
---|---|---|
order of whole group | 8 | |
order of subgroup | 4 | |
index | 2 | |
size of conjugacy class | 1 |
Effect of subgroup operators
Function | Value as subgroup (descriptive) | Value as subgroup (link) | Value as group |
---|---|---|---|
normalizer | whole group | -- | dihedral group:D8 |
centralizer | ![]() |
current page | cyclic group:Z4 |
normal core | the subgroup itself | current page | cyclic group:Z4 |
normal closure | the subgroup itself | current page | cyclic group:Z4 |
characteristic core | the subgroup itself | current page | cyclic group:Z4 |
characteristic closure | the subgroup itself | current page | cyclic group:Z4 |
Related subgroups
Intermediate subgroups
There are no properly intermediate subgroups because the subgroup is a maximal subgroup.
Smaller subgroups
Value of smaller subgroup (descriptive) | Isomorphism class of smaller subgroup | Smaller subgroup in subgroup | Smaller subgroup in whole group |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
cyclic group:Z2 | Z2 in Z4 | center of dihedral group:D8 |
Relation with other subgroups
Other subgroup by generators | Other subgroup by link | Intersection value | Join value |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Klein four-subgroups of dihedral group:D8 | ![]() |
whole group |
![]() |
Klein four-subgroups of dihedral group:D8 | ![]() |
whole group |
Bigger groups
Groups containing the ambient group
Isomorphism class of bigger group | Group in bigger group | Subgroup in bigger group |
---|---|---|
symmetric group:S4 | D8 in S4 | Z4 in S4 |
Subgroup properties
Invariance under automorphisms and endomorphisms: basic properties
Property | Meaning | Satisfied? | Explanation | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
normal subgroup | invariant under inner automorphisms | Yes | nilpotent implies every maximal subgroup is normal, also characteristic implies normal | quotient group is cyclic of order two |
characteristic subgroup | invariant under all automorphisms | Yes | only cyclic subgroup of order four | |
fully invariant subgroup | invariant under all endomorphisms | No | retraction with kernel one of the Klein four-subgroups of dihedral group:D8 and image a subgroup of order two generated by a reflection does not preserve this subgroup | See endomorphism structure of dihedral group:D8 |
Invariance under automorphisms and endomorphisms: advanced properties
Property | Meaning | Satisfied? | Explanation | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
retraction-invariant subgroup | invariant under all retractions, i.e., idempotent endomorphisms | No | retraction with kernel one of the Klein four-subgroups of dihedral group:D8 and image a subgroup of order two generated by a reflection does not preserve this subgroup | See endomorphism structure of dihedral group:D8 |
normality-preserving endomorphism-invariant subgroup | invariant under all normality-preserving endomorphisms | Yes | ||
finite direct power-closed characteristic subgroup | any finite direct power of subgroup is characteristic in corresponding finite direct power of whole group | Yes | normality-preserving endomorphism-invariant implies finite direct power-closed characteristic | |
1-automorphism-invariant subgroup | invariant under 1-automorphisms | Yes | A 1-automorphism restricts to an isomorphism on cyclic subgroups, and this is the only cyclic subgroup of order four. | |
quasiautomorphism-invariant subgroup | invariant under quasiautomorphisms | Yes | Follows from being 1-automorphism-invariant. | |
1-endomorphism-invariant subgroup | invariant under all 1-endomorphisms | No | Follows from not being fully invariant |
Property | Meaning | Satisfied? | Explanation | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
isomorph-free subgroup | no other isomorphic subgroup | Yes | clear from subgroup structure of dihedral group:D8 | |
isomorph-containing subgroup | contains all isomorphic subgroups | Yes | isomorph-free equals isomorph-containing for finite subgroups | |
prehomomorph-contained subgroup | for any surjective homomorphism ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Yes | ||
homomorph-containing subgroup | contains all homomorphic images | No | (via fully invariant) | |
normal-homomorph-containing subgroup | contains all homomorphic images that are normal subgroups | Yes | ||
maximal characteristic subgroup | Yes | |||
intermediately characteristic subgroup | Yes | |||
image-closed characteristic subgroup | For any surjective homomorphism ![]() ![]() ![]() |
No | The quotient map by the center is a counterexample | characteristicity does not satisfy image condition -- this is a counterexample of smallest order |
transfer-closed characteristic subgroup | Intersection with any subgroup is characteristic in that subgroup | No | Intersection with ![]() |
characteristicity does not satisfy transfer condition |
Property | Meaning | Satisfied? | Explanation |
---|---|---|---|
central factor | product with its centralizer is the whole group | No | The subgroup is a self-centralizing subgroup |
conjugacy-closed subgroup | any two elements of the subgroup conjugate in the whole group are conjugate in the subgroup | No | The elements ![]() |
transitively normal subgroup | every normal subgroup of the subgroup is normal in the whole group | Yes | cyclic normal implies transitively normal |
CEP-subgroup | every congruence on the subgroup extends to a congruence on the whole group | Yes | Follows from being transitively normal. |
Generic maximality notions
Property | Meaning | Satisfied? | Explanation | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
maximal subgroup | proper subgroup not contained in any other proper subgroup | Yes | Hence also a maximal subgroup of group of prime power order | |
subgroup of prime index (here, subgroup of index two) | index is a prime number | Yes | In a group of prime power order, equivalent to being a maximal subgroup | |
maximal normal subgroup | proper normal subgroup with simple quotient | Yes | In a group of prime power order, equivalent to being a maximal subgroup | |
isomorph-normal subgroup | every isomorphic subgroup is normal | Yes | Any maximal subgroup of group of prime power order satisfies this property | |
order-normal subgroup | every subgroup of the same order is normal | Yes | Any maximal subgroup of group of prime power order satisfies this property |
Property | Meaning | Satisfied? | Explanation | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
abelian characteristic subgroup | abelian as well as characteristic | Yes | ||
maximal among abelian characteristic subgroups | abelian characteristic, not contained in bigger abelian characteristic subgroup | Yes | In fact, it is the only subgroup that is maximal among abelian characteristic subgroups. | |
critical subgroup | characteristic, self-centralizing, commutator-in-center subgroup, and Frattini-in-center group | Yes | ||
constructibly critical subgroup | critical subgroup whose center is maximal among abelian characteristic subgroups | Yes | In fact, it is the only constructibly critical subgroup. | |
abelian subgroup of maximum order | abelian subgroup whose order is the largest among orders of abelian subgroups | Yes | there are two others, the Klein four-subgroups of dihedral group:D8 | |
maximal among abelian subgroups | abelian subgroup not contained in any other abelian subgroup | Yes | there are two others, the Klein four-subgroups of dihedral group:D8 | |
subgroup with abelianization of maximum order | abelianization has maximum order among all subgroups | Yes | there are three others, the Klein four-subgroups of dihedral group:D8, and the whole group | |
abelian subgroup of maximum rank | abelian subgroup whose rank (number of generators) is largest | No | Klein four-subgroups of dihedral group:D8 have larger rank | |
centrally large subgroup | product of size and center's size is largest | Yes | others are Klein four-subgroups of dihedral group:D8 and whole group | |
centralizer-large subgroup | product of size and centralizer's size is largest | Yes | others are center of dihedral group:D8, Klein four-subgroups of dihedral group:D8, and whole group |
In the context of different ways of thinking about the dihedral group
As the group of symmetries of a square
If we think of the dihedral group of order eight as the group of symmetries of the square, the cyclic maximal subgroup is the subgroup comprising the rotations, or the orientation-preserving symmetries.
Related interpretations:
- The dihedral group has a two-dimensional faithful irreducible representation over any field of characteristic not equal to two (see linear representation theory of dihedral group:D8). This representation can be realized as taking values in the orthogonal group. This representation is essentially a generalization of the action on the square. Under any such representation, the cyclic maximal subgroup comprises the elements of determinant one, which are the rotations.
- When the field has size
or
, this representation surjects onto the orthogonal group. In other words,
and
are both isomorphic to the dihedral group. In this case, the cyclic maximal subgroup is
or
.
In the context of different embeddings of the dihedral group
Since the cyclic maximal subgroup is an isomorph-normal characteristic subgroup, it is in particular an isomorph-normal coprime automorphism-invariant subgroup, and thus a fusion system-relatively weakly closed subgroup and thus a Sylow-relatively weakly closed subgroup. In other words, for any group containing the dihedral group of order eight as a -Sylow subgroup, this subgroup is a weakly closed subgroup. Thus, there is a bijection between the set of
-Sylow subgroups of such a group and the set of cyclic subgroups of order four.
Inside the symmetric group of degree four
The dihedral group of order eight is the -Sylow subgroup inside the symmetric group of degree four. There are three
-Sylow subgroups, and these correspond to the three cyclic subgroups of order four. Namely:
.
The Sylow subgroup in each case is the normalizer of the corresponding cyclic maximal subgroup.
Inside the projective special linear group 
The dihedral group of order eight is a 2-Sylow subgroup inside this group as well. PLACEHOLDER FOR INFORMATION TO BE FILLED IN: [SHOW MORE]
Comparison with cyclic maximal subgroup in other dihedral groups
Further information: Cyclic subgroup is characteristic in dihedral group
In any dihedral group, given by:
.
For , the cyclic subgroup
is a characteristic subgroup. However, for all
, the cyclic subgroup can be characterized as the centralizer of commutator subgroup. But, in the case
(which is the one we're considering here), the cyclic maximal subgroup is not the centralizer of commutator subgroup.
Here are some of the salient differences between the cyclic maximal subgroup in the dihedral group of order eight and the cyclic maximal subgroup in the dihedral groups of order :
- In the dihedral group of order eight, the cyclic maximal subgroup is not the centralizer of derived subgroup. In dihedral groups of order
, it is the centralizer of derived subgroup.
- In the dihedral group of order eight, the cyclic maximal subgroup is an abelian subgroup of maximum order, but it is not the only one. In dihedral groups of order
, it is the unique abelian subgroup of maximum order. In particular, in the higher cases, the cyclic maximal subgroup equals the join of abelian subgroups of maximum order (called the Thompson subgroup) and hence also equals the ZJ-subgroup (the center of the join of abelian subgroups of maximum order).
- In the dihedral group of order eight, the cyclic maximal subgroup is one out of four different centrally large subgroups. In dihedral groups of order
, it is the unique centrally large subgroup.
- In the dihedral group of order eight, the cyclic maximal subgroup is one of four subgroups with abelianization of maximum order. In dihedral groups of order
, it is the unique subgroup with abelianization of maximum order.
Comparison with cyclic maximal subgroup in other semidihedral groups
We define, for :
.
Comparison with the
-groups
We define, for :
.
GAP implementation
Finding this subgroup in a black-box dihedral group
Suppose we know that is a group isomorphic to dihedral group:D8. Then, we can define the subgroup
as follows:
H := Filtered(NormalSubgroups(G),K -> IdGroup(K) = [4,1])[1];