Element structure of groups of prime-fourth order
This article gives specific information, namely, element structure, about a family of groups, namely: groups of prime-fourth order.
View element structure of group families | View other specific information about groups of prime-fourth order
Particular cases
Value of prime ![]() |
Value of ![]() |
Information on groups of order ![]() |
Information on element structure of groups of order ![]() |
Anomalous? |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 16 | groups of order 16 | element structure of groups of order 16 | Highly |
3 | 81 | groups of order 81 | element structure of groups of order 81 | Somewhat |
5 | 625 | groups of order 625 | element structure of groups of order 625 | No |
7 | 2401 | groups of order 2401 | element structure of groups of order 2401 | No |
11 | 14641 | groups of order 14641 | element structure of groups of order 14641 | No |
The prime and
behave somewhat differently from the other primes.
Conjugacy class sizes
FACTS TO CHECK AGAINST FOR CONJUGACY CLASS SIZES AND STRUCTURE:
Divisibility facts: size of conjugacy class divides order of group | size of conjugacy class divides index of center | size of conjugacy class equals index of centralizer
Bounding facts: size of conjugacy class is bounded by order of derived subgroup
Counting facts: number of conjugacy classes equals number of irreducible representations | class equation of a group
Grouping by conjugacy class sizes
Because of the small order, it turns out that the nilpotency class completely determines the number of conjugacy classes of each size in terms of the underlying prime. Further information: Nilpotency class and order determine conjugacy class size statistics for groups up to prime-fourth order
In particular, we have:
Nilpotency class | Number of conjugacy classes of size 1 | Number of conjugacy classes of size ![]() |
Number of conjugacy classes of size ![]() |
Total number of conjugacy classes | Number of groups case ![]() |
Number of groups case ![]() |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
0 | 0 | ![]() |
5 | 5 |
2 | ![]() |
![]() |
0 | ![]() |
6 | 6 |
3 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
3 | 4 |
Grouping by cumulative conjugacy class sizes (number of elements)
Nilpotency class | Number of elements conjugacy classes of size 1 | Number of elements in conjugacy classes of size dividing ![]() |
Number of elements in conjugacy classes of size dividing ![]() |
Total number of conjugacy classes | Number of groups case ![]() |
Number of groups case ![]() |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
5 | 5 |
2 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
6 | 6 |
3 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
3 | 4 |
Note that it is true in this case that the number of elements in conjugacy classes of size dividing any number itself divides the order of the group (in particular, all these numbers are powers of ). However, this is not true for all groups and in fact an analogous statement fails for groups of prime-sixth order (see element structure of groups of prime-sixth order). For more, see:
- All cumulative conjugacy class size statistics values divide the order of the group for groups up to prime-fifth order
- There exist groups of prime-sixth order in which the cumulative conjugacy class size statistics values do not divide the order of the group
Correspondence between conjugacy class sizes and degrees of irreducible representations
For groups of order , it is also true that the nilpotency class determines the degrees of irreducible representations in terms of the underlying prime. Further information: Nilpotency class and order determine conjugacy class size statistics for groups up to prime-fourth order
In fact, the nilpotency class, conjugacy class size statistics, and degrees of irreducible representations all determine each other. Knowing any one of these determines the other two once we fix the underlying prime. Below is the correspondence:
Nilpotency class | Number of conjugacy classes of size 1 | Number of conjugacy classes of size ![]() |
Number of conjugacy classes of size ![]() |
Total number of conjugacy classes = number of irreducible representations | Number of irreps of degree 1 | Number of irreps of degree ![]() |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
0 | 0 | ![]() |
![]() |
0 |
2 | ![]() |
![]() |
0 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
3 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Note that the phenomenon of the conjugacy class size statistics and degrees of irreducible representations determining one another is not true for all orders:
- Degrees of irreducible representations need not determine conjugacy class size statistics
- Conjugacy class size statistics need not determine degrees of irreducible representations
1-isomorphism
We say that two groups are 1-isomorphic groups if there is a bijection between them that restricts to an isomorphism on every cyclic subgroup of either side.
Case
at least 5
In this case, all groups of order are 1-isomorphic to abelian groups via the Lazard correspondence. This is because all the groups have nilpotency class at most three, which is less than the underlying prime, and hence the Lazard correspondence applies.
Further, the nature of the Lazard correspondence is similar for all choices of . More detailed information is presented in the table below:
Partition of ![]() |
Corresponding abelian group (generic prime ![]() |
GAP ID (second part) | List of GAP IDs of class two groups that are 1-isomorphic to it via the Baer correspondence | Number of such class two groups | List of GAP IDs of class three (not class two) groups that are 1-isomorphic to it via the Lazard correspondence | Number of such class three groups |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 | cyclic group of prime-fourth order | 1 | -- | 0 | -- | 0 |
2 + 2 | direct product of cyclic group of prime-square order and cyclic group of prime-square order | 2 | 4 | 1 | -- | 0 |
3 + 1 | direct product of cyclic group of prime-cube order and cyclic group of prime order | 5 | 6 | 1 | -- | 0 |
2 + 1 + 1 | direct product of cyclic group of prime-square order and elementary abelian group of prime-square order | 11 | 3, 13, 14 | 3 | 8, 9, 10 | 3 |
1 + 1 + 1 + 1 | elementary abelian group of prime-fourth order | 15 | 12 | 1 | 7 | 1 |
Total | 5 | -- | -- | 6 | -- | 4 |
Case 
Further information: element structure of groups of order 81
Of the 15 groups of order 81, 5 are abelian, 6 have nilpotency class two, and 4 have nilpotency class three. Via the Baer correspondence, each of the groups of class two has a Baer Lie ring, and in particular is 1-isomorphic to the additive group of that Lie ring. Of the 4 groups of nilpotency class three, only one (SmallGroup(81,8)) is 1-isomorphic to an abelian group. There are no 1-isomorphisms between pairs where both members are non-abelian.
Case 
Further information: Element structure of groups of order 16#1-isomorphism
Of the 14 groups of order 16, 10 are not 1-isomorphic to any other group. The remaining four come in pairs. These two pairs are described below.
Order statistics
FACTS TO CHECK AGAINST:
ORDER STATISTICS (cf. order statistics, order statistics-equivalent finite groups): number of nth roots is a multiple of n | Finite abelian groups with the same order statistics are isomorphic | Lazard Lie group has the same order statistics as the additive group of its Lazard Lie ring | Frobenius conjecture on nth roots
1-ISOMORPHISM (cf. 1-isomorphic groups): Lazard Lie group is 1-isomorphic to the additive group of its Lazard Lie ring | order statistics-equivalent not implies 1-isomorphic
Case
at least 5
For groups of order with
, the equivalence classes of groups based on order statistics coincide precisely with the equivalence classes based on 1-isomorphism, and every equivalence class contains exactly one abelian group (see the section #1-isomorphism). The convention for order statistics is as follows: the comma-separated values give the number of elements of order 1,
,
,
, and
respectively. For cumulative order statistics, these are the number of elements of order dividing 1,
,
,
, and
respectively::
Order statistics | Order statistics (cumulative) | Partition for abelian group | Corresponding abelian group (generic prime ![]() |
GAP ID (second part) | List of GAP IDs of class two groups that are order statistics-equivalent to it | Number of such class two groups | List of GAP IDs of class three (not class two) groups that are order statistics-equivalen to it | Number of such class three groups |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
1, ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
4 | cyclic group of prime-fourth order | 1 | -- | 0 | -- | 0 |
1, ![]() ![]() |
1, ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
2 + 2 | direct product of cyclic group of prime-square order and cyclic group of prime-square order | 2 | 4 | 1 | -- | 0 |
1, ![]() ![]() ![]() |
1, ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
3 + 1 | direct product of cyclic group of prime-cube order and cyclic group of prime order | 5 | 6 | 1 | -- | 0 |
1, ![]() ![]() |
1, ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
2 + 1 + 1 | direct product of cyclic group of prime-square order and elementary abelian group of prime-square order | 11 | 3, 13, 14 | 3 | 8, 9, 10 | 3 |
1, ![]() |
1, ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
1 + 1 + 1 + 1 | elementary abelian group of prime-fourth order | 15 | 12 | 1 | 7 | 1 |
Total | 5 | -- | -- | 6 | -- | 4 |
Case 
Here, we discuss the equivalence classes of groups of order 81 up to being order statistics-equivalent finite groups and up to the stronger notion of being 1-isomorphic groups (which means there is a bijection that restricts to isomorphisms on cyclic subgroups). See also order statistics-equivalent not implies 1-isomorphic.
Order statistics | Order statistics (cumulative) | Number of groups | Number of equivalence classes up to 1-isomorphism | Members of first equivalence class | Members of second equivalence class | Abelian group with these order statistics? | Cumulative order statistics all powers of 3? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,2,6,18,54 | 1,3,9,27,81 | 1 | 1 | Cyclic group:Z81 (ID:1) | -- | Yes | Yes |
1,8,18,54,0 | 1,9,27,81,81 | 2 | 1 | Direct product of Z27 and Z3 (ID:5) and Semidirect product of Z27 and Z3 (ID:6) | -- | Yes | Yes |
1,8,72,0,0 | 1,9,81,81,81 | 3 | 2 | Direct product of Z9 and Z9 (ID:2), Semidirect product of Z9 and Z9 (ID:4) | SmallGroup(81,10) (ID:10) | Yes | Yes |
1,26,54,0,0 | 1,27,81,81,81 | 5 | 1 or 2 | Direct product of Z9 and E9 (ID:11), SmallGroup(81,3) (ID:3), Direct product of semidirect product of Z9 and Z3 and Z3 (ID:13), Central product of prime-cube order group:U(3,3) and Z9 (ID:14), SmallGroup(81,8) (ID:8) | Yes | Yes | |
1,44,36,0,0 | 1,45,81,81,81 | 1 | 1 | Wreath product of Z3 and Z3 (ID:7) | -- | No | No |
1,62,18,0,0 | 1,63,81,81,81 | 1 | 1 | SmallGroup(81,9) (ID:9) | -- | No | No |
1,80,0,0,0 | 1,81,81,81,81 | 2 | 1 | Elementary abelian group:E81 (ID:15) and Direct product of prime-cube order group:U(3,3) and Z3 (ID:12) | -- | Yes | Yes |
Case 
Further information: Element structure of groups of order 16#1-isomorphism
Note that for groups of order , not all groups are order statistics-equivalent to an abelian group, and even for those that are, the group need not be 1-isomorphic to an abelian group. Here, we discuss the equivalence classes of groups of order 16 up to being order statistics-equivalent finite groups and up to the stronger notion of being 1-isomorphic groups (which means there is a bijection that restricts to isomorphisms on cyclic subgroups). See also order statistics-equivalent not implies 1-isomorphic.
Order statistics | Order statistics (cumulative) | Number of groups | Number of equivalence classes up to 1-isomorphism | Members of first equivalence class | Members of second equivalence class | Members of third equivalence class | Abelian group with these order statistics? | Cumulative order statistics all powers of 2? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,1,2,4,8 | 1,2,4,8,16 | 1 | 1 | Cyclic group:Z16 (ID:1) | Yes | Yes | ||
1,1,10,4,0 | 1,2,12,16,16 | 1 | 1 | Generalized quaternion group:Q16 (ID:9) | No | No | ||
1,3,4,8,0 | 1,4,8,16,16 | 2 | 1 | Direct product of Z8 and Z2 (ID:5) and M16 (ID:6) | Yes | Yes | ||
1,3,12,0,0 | 1,4,16,16,16 | 3 | 3 | Direct product of Z4 and Z4 (ID:2) (characterized by having three squares of order 2) | Nontrivial semidirect product of Z4 and Z4 (ID:4) (characterized by having two squares of order 2) | Direct product of Q8 and Z2 (ID:12) | Yes | Yes |
1,5,6,4,0 | 1,6,12,16,16 | 1 | 1 | Semidihedral group:SD16 (ID:8) | No | No | ||
1,7,8,0,0 | 1,8,16,16,16 | 3 | 2 | Direct product of Z4 and V4 (ID:10) and Central product of D8 and Z4 (ID:13) (characterized by having exactly one square of order 2) | SmallGroup(16,3) (ID:3)(characterized by having two squares of order 2) | Yes | Yes | |
1,9,2,4,0 | 1,10,12,16,16 | 1 | 1 | Dihedral group:D16 (ID:7) | No | No | ||
1,11,4,0,0 | 1,12,16,16,16 | 1 | 1 | Direct product of D8 and Z2 (ID:11) | No | No | ||
1,15,0,0,0 | 1,16,16,16,16 | 1 | 1 | Elementary abelian group:E16 (ID:14) | Yes | Yes |