Left cosets are in bijection via left multiplication
This article gives the statement, and possibly proof, of a basic fact in group theory.
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Statement
Statement with symbols
Let be a subgroup of a group
and let
and
be two left cosets of
. Then, there is a bijection between
and
as subsets of
, given by the left multiplication by
.
Related facts
Similar facts
- Right cosets are in bijection via right multiplication
- Left cosets partition a group
- Lagrange's theorem
- Left and right coset spaces are naturally isomorphic
Related facts about other algebraic structures
- Left cosets of a subgroup are not in bijection via left multiplication in a monoid: If
is a monoid and
is a subgroup of
, it is not necessarily true that the left cosets of
are in bijection via left multiplication. In other words, the failure of inverses for elements outside the subgroup can hurt.
- Translates of any subset of a group are in bijection with the subset: For any subset
of a group
, the subsets
, are all in bijection with
. However, they need not be disjoint.
- Left cosets of a subloop are in bijection with the subloop: If
is a subloop of an algebra loop
, the left cosets of
, i.e., the sets of the form
, are all in bijection with
. However, they need not be pairwise disjoint.
Significance
In the particular case where the subgroup is also normal, the cosets of the subgroup are congruence classes for the congruence corresponding to the normal subgroup. The result then tells us that all the congruence classes have equal size for any congruence, which tells us that the variety of groups is a congruence-uniform variety (viz, every congruence on it is a uniform congruence). Further information: variety of groups is congruence-uniform
Facts used
- Invertible implies cancellative in monoid: In particular, we can cancel elements in a group: if
, then
.
Proof
Given: A group , a subgroup
, and two left cosets
,
of
To prove: Left multiplication by establishes a bijection between
and
.
Proof: We prove that left multiplication by sends
to
, is surjective, and is injective.
- Well-defined as a map from
to
: First, note that if
then
. Thus, any element in
gets mapped to an element in
.
- Surjective: Every element of the form
with
in
arises as
, hence, it arises as the image of left multiplication by
. Thus, the map from
to
is surjective.
- Injective: Given two distinct elements
, the elements
and
are also distinct, because by fact (1), if they were equal, then canceling
from both sides would give
. Thus, left multiplication by
sends distinct elements to distinct elements, so the map is injective.
Thus, left multiplication by is a bijection from
to
.
Sidenote
In general, there is no natural bijection between two left cosets -- the bijection depends on a choice of element in both cosets (the elements and
in the above description).
References
- Algebra by Michael Artin, ISBN 0130047635, 13-digit ISBN 978-0130047632, More info, Page 57, in text between points (6.8) and (6.9). Full justification is not provided