Full invariance is not direct power-closed
This article gives the statement, and possibly proof, of a subgroup property (i.e., fully invariant subgroup) not satisfying a subgroup metaproperty (i.e., direct power-closed subgroup property).
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Statement
It is possible to have a group and a fully invariant subgroup of such that in the countable unrestricted direct power of , the corresponding direct power of is not a fully invariant subgroup.
In the example used here, all groups involved are Abelian group (?)s.
Related facts
Proof
Further information: quasicyclic group
Let be a prime number and let be the quasicyclic group corresponding to the prime . Let be the countable unrestricted direct power of and let be the subgroup of comprising the elements of finite order. Let be the quotient group , with a natural projection map . Define and let be the first direct factor, i.e., the subgroup .
We note that:
| Step no. | Assertion/construction | Facts used | Given data used | Previous steps used | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is periodic, i.e., every element has finite order | is quasicyclic | |||
| 2 | is a proper subgroup of , and hence is nontrivial | is quasicyclic, definitions of | contains elements of order for every natural number . Consider an element of whose coordinate is an element of of order . This element has infinite order, and is hence not in . This proves that is proper in . | ||
| 3 | is torsion-free, i.e., it has no non-identity element of finite order | Definitions of | If has finite order, let be an element of such that . Some finite power of is thus in . But since this finite power itself has finite order, also has finite order, forcing , and hence forcing to be trivial. | ||
| 4 | is precisely the set of elements of finite order in | Steps (1), (3) | From steps (1) and (3), we see that for an element of to have finite order, its -coordinate can be arbitrary and its -coordinate must be trivial. This precisely characterizes . | ||
| 5 | is fully invariant in | Step (4) | Under any endomorphism, an element of finite order must go to an element of finite order (in fact, the order of the image element must divide the order of the original element). Thus, under any endomorphism of , the image of is in . | ||
| 6 | The countable unrestricted direct power of can be identified with , with identified with the first direct factor . | ||||
| 7 | There is a nontrivial surjective homomorphism given by | Note that the homomorphism is surjective because is the quotient map from to . It is nontrivial because, by step (2), is nontrivial and the map is surjective. | |||
| 8 | There is a nontrivial endomorphism that does not preserve the subgroup | We obtain by post-composing with an inclusion of in any of the copies of in the part of the product. Since was nontrivial, some element of gets sent outside under . | |||
| 9 | The proof is complete | Steps (6), (8) | Step-combination direct |