Center of M16
This article is about a particular subgroup in a group, up to equivalence of subgroups (i.e., an isomorphism of groups that induces the corresponding isomorphism of subgroups). The subgroup is (up to isomorphism) cyclic group:Z4 and the group is (up to isomorphism) M16 (see subgroup structure of M16).
The subgroup is a normal subgroup and the quotient group is isomorphic to Klein four-group.
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Contents
- 1 Definition
- 2 Cosets
- 3 Complements
- 4 Arithmetic functions
- 5 Effect of subgroup operators
- 6 Subgroup-defining functions
- 7 Subgroup properties
- 7.1 Invariance under automorphisms and endomorphisms: basic properties
- 7.2 Word expression related properties and corollaries about invariance under automorphisms and endomorphisms
- 7.3 Resemblance-based properties and corollaries about invariance under automorphisms and endomorphisms
- 7.4 Invariance under 1-automorphisms and 1-endomorphisms
- 8 Cohomology interpretation
- 9 GAP implementation
Definition
We consider the group:
with denoting the identity element.
This is a group of order 16, with elements:
We are interested in the subgroup:
This subgroup is isomorphic to cyclic group:Z4. It is a normal subgroup and the quotient group is isomorphic to the Klein four-group.
Here is the multiplication table for . Note that
is an abelian group so we don't have to worry about left/right issues:
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Cosets
The subgroup is normal, so its left cosets coincide with its right cosets. Since it has order four and index , there are four cosets:
The quotient group is isomorphic to a Klein four-group, and the multiplication table on cosets is given below. Note that the group is an abelian group, so we don't have to worry about left/right issues:
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Complements
The subgroup has no permutable complements. Since it is a normal subgroup, this also means it has no lattice complements.
Property | Meaning | Satisfied? | Explanation | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
complemented normal subgroup | normal subgroup with permutable complement | No | see above | |
permutably complemented subgroup | subgroup with permutable complement | No | ||
lattice-complemented subgroup | subgroup with lattice complement | No | ||
retract | has a normal complement | No | ||
direct factor | normal subgroup with normal complement | No |
Arithmetic functions
Function | Value | Explanation |
---|---|---|
order of whole group | 16 | |
order of subgroup | 4 | |
index | 4 | |
size of conjugacy class | 1 | |
number of conjugacy classes in automorphism class | 1 |
Effect of subgroup operators
Function | Value as subgroup (descriptive) | Value as subgroup (link) | Value as group |
---|---|---|---|
normalizer | whole group ![]() |
M16 | |
centralizer | whole group ![]() |
M16 | |
normal core | the subgroup itself | current page | cyclic group:Z4 |
normal closure | the subgroup itself | current page | cyclic group:Z4 |
characteristic core | the subgroup itself | current page | cyclic group:Z4 |
characteristic closure | the subgroup itself | current page | cyclic group:Z4 |
commutator with whole group | trivial subgroup | -- | trivial group |
Subgroup-defining functions
The subgroup is a characteristic subgroup of the whole group and arises as a result of many subgroup-defining functions on the whole group. Some of these are given below.
Subgroup-defining function | Meaning in general | Why it takes this value |
---|---|---|
center | elements that commute with every element of the group | Follows from multiplication table |
ZJ-subgroup | center of the join of abelian subgroups of maximum order | The join of abelian subgroups of maximum order is the whole group, so its center is the group's center. |
first agemo subgroup | in a finite ![]() ![]() ![]() |
This is precisely the set of squares in the group. |
Subgroup properties
Invariance under automorphisms and endomorphisms: basic properties
Property | Meaning | Satisfied? | Explanation |
---|---|---|---|
normal subgroup | invariant under inner automorphisms | Yes | Follows from being the first agemo subgroup. |
characteristic subgroup | invariant under all automorphisms | Yes | Follows from being the first agemo subgroup. |
fully invariant subgroup | invariant under all endomorphisms | Yes | Follows from being the first agemo subgroup. |
Property | Meaning | Satisfied? | Explanation |
---|---|---|---|
marginal subgroup | (complicated) | Yes | Follows from being the center. Center is marginal. |
finite direct power-closed characteristic subgroup | any finite direct power is closed in the corresponding direct power of the center | Yes | center is finite direct power-closed characteristic, fully invariant implies finite direct power-closed characteristic |
verbal subgroup | generated by set of words | Yes | Follows from being the first agemo subgroup. |
image-closed characteristic subgroup | image under any surjective homomorphism from whole group is characteristic in target group | Yes | Follows from its being a verbal subgroup. |
image-closed fully invariant subgroup | image under any surjective homomorphism from whole group is fully invariant in target group | Yes | Follows from its being a verbal subgroup. |
Resemblance-based properties and corollaries about invariance under automorphisms and endomorphisms
Property | Meaning | Satisfied? | Explanation |
---|---|---|---|
isomorph-free subgroup | no other isomorphic subgroup | No | ![]() |
intermediately characteristic subgroup | characteristic in every intermediate subgroup | No | In the intermediate subgroup ![]() |
isomorph-normal subgroup | every isomorphic subgroup is normal | Yes | The only other isomorphic subgroup is ![]() |
isomorph-characteristic subgroup | every isomorphic subgroup is characteristic | Yes | The only other isomorphic subgroup is ![]() |
Invariance under 1-automorphisms and 1-endomorphisms
Property | Meaning | Satisfied? | Explanation |
---|---|---|---|
1-endomorphism-invariant subgroup | invariant under all 1-endomorphisms of the group | Yes | Follows from its being precisely the set of squares. |
1-automorphism-invariant subgroup | invariant under all 1-automorphisms of the group | Yes | Follows from being 1-endomorphism-invariant. |
quasiautomorphism-invariant subgroup | invariant under all quasiautomorphisms | Yes | Follows from being 1-automorphism-invariant |
Cohomology interpretation
We can think of as an extension with abelian normal subgroup
and quotient group
. Since
is in fact the center, the action of the quotient group on the normal subgroup is the trivial group action. We can thus study
as an extension group arising from a cohomology class for the trivial group action of
(which is a Klein four-group) on
(which is cyclic group:Z4).
For more, see second cohomology group for trivial group action of V4 on Z4.
GAP implementation
The group and subgroup can be constructed using GAP's SmallGroup and Center functions as follows:
G := SmallGroup(16,6); H := Center(G);
The GAP display looks as follows:
gap> G := SmallGroup(16,6); H := Center(G); <pc group of size 16 with 4 generators> Group([ f3, f4 ])Here is some GAP implementation to verify assertions made on this page: [SHOW MORE]