Hall subgroup

Definition

Definition without prime set specification

A subgroup $H$ of a finite group $G$ is termed a Hall subgroup if it satisfies the following equivalent conditions:

• The order of $H$ is relatively prime to the index of $H$ in $G$.
• For any prime number $p$ dividing the order of $G$, $p$ divides exactly one of the two numbers: the order of $H$ and the index of $H$ in $G$.

Definition with prime set specification

Suppose $\pi$ is a set of prime numbers and $G$ is a finite group. A subgroup $H$ of $G$ is termed a $\pi$-Hall subgroup or Hall $\pi$-subgroup if it satisfies the following equivalent conditions:

1. All the primes dividing the order of $H$ are in the prime set $\pi$ and all the primes dividing the index of $H$ in $G$ are outside the prime set $\pi$.
2. The order of $G$ is the unique largest divisor of the order of $G$ that has the property that all its prime divisors are in $\pi$. In other words, it is the $\pi$-part of the order of $G$.

We sometimes use the notation ${\pi }^{\prime }$ to refer to the complement of $\pi$ in the set of prime numbers.

Note a few things regarding this definition:

• The order of a Hall $\pi$-subgroup of $G$ depends only on the prime set $\pi$ and on the order of $G$. In particular, for fixed $\pi$, all Hall $\pi$-subgroups have the same order.
• As far as the definition of Hall $\pi$-subgroup of $G$ is concerned, we only care about the intersection of $\pi$ with the set of prime divisors of the order of $G$. Adding or removing primes that do not divide the order of $G$ does not affect the notion of Hall $\pi$-subgroup.

This article is about a standard (though not very rudimentary) definition in group theory. The article text may, however, contain more than just the basic definition
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This article defines a subgroup property that makes sense within a finite group

Facts

Existence and domination

• Existence of pi-subgroups for all prime sets pi is equivalent to existence of p-complements for all primes p
• ECD condition for pi-subgroups in finite solvable groups: This states that in finite solvable groups, $\pi$-Hall subgroup exist for all prime sets $\pi$, they are conjugate, and they dominate $\pi$-subgroups.
• Hall's theorem: This is a converse to the above, stating that if $\pi$-Hall subgroups exist for all prime sets $\pi$, then the group is solvable.

Sylow subgroups and other special cases

• Sylow's theorem states for Sylow subgroups (Hall subgroups corresponding to a single prime), the existence, conjugacy, and domination conditions hold in all finite groups, not just in finite solvable groups.
• Nilpotent Hall subgroups of same order are conjugate

Relation with other properties

Stronger properties

Property	Meaning	Proof of implication	Proof of strictness (reverse implication failure)	Intermediate notions
Sylow subgroup	Hall subgroup for a single prime, i.e., finite p-group whose index is relatively prime to $p$ for some prime $p$			|FULL LIST, MORE INFO
p-complement	Hall $p^{\prime }$-subgroup, i.e., Hall subgroup whose index is a prime power			|FULL LIST, MORE INFO
normal Hall subgroup	Hall subgroup that is also a normal subgroup			|FULL LIST, MORE INFO
Normal Sylow subgroup	Sylow subgroup that is also a normal subgroup			|FULL LIST, MORE INFO
Hall retract	Hall subgroup that is also a retract, i.e., it has a normal complement. Note that the normal complement must also be a Hall subgroup for the complementary set of primes			|FULL LIST, MORE INFO
Sylow retract	Sylow subgroup that is also a retract, i.e., $p$-Sylow subgroup in a group that has a normal p-complement			|FULL LIST, MORE INFO
nilpotent Hall subgroup	Hall subgroup that is also a nilpotent group			|FULL LIST, MORE INFO
order-dominating Hall subgroup	Hall subgroup that is also an order-dominating subgroup, i.e., any subgroup of the whole group whose order divides it is conjugate to a subgroup of it		Hall not implies order-dominating	|FULL LIST, MORE INFO
order-conjugate Hall subgroup	Hall subgroup that is also an order-conjugate subgroup, i.e., all Hall subgroups of that order are conjugate subgroups		Hall not implies order-conjugate	|FULL LIST, MORE INFO
isomorph-conjugate Hall subgroup	Hall subgroup that is also an isomorph-conjugate subgroup, i.e., it is conjugate to all isomorphic subgroups		Hall not implies isomorph-conjugate	|FULL LIST, MORE INFO
pronormal Hall subgroup	Hall subgroup that is also a pronormal subgroup			|FULL LIST, MORE INFO

Weaker properties

• Join of Sylow subgroups: For full proof, refer: Hall implies join of Sylow subgroups
• Join of automorph-conjugate subgroups
• Core-characteristic subgroup
• Closure-characteristic subgroup
• Paracharacteristic subgroup: For full proof, refer: Hall implies paracharacteristic
• Paranormal subgroup: For full proof, refer: Hall implies paranormal
• Polycharacteristic subgroup
• Polynormal subgroup
• Intermediately normal-to-characteristic subgroup
• Intermediately subnormal-to-normal subgroup

Conjunction with other properties

• Normal Hall subgroup: These are fully characteristic. Thus, this subgroup property is normal-to-characteristic

Incomparable properties

• Order-isomorphic subgroup: Two Hall subgroups of the same order need not be isomorphic. For full proof, refer: Hall not implies order-isomorphic
• Isomorph-automorphic subgroup: Two isomorphic Hall subgroups of the same order need not be automorphs. For full proof, refer: Hall not implies isomorph-automorphic
• Automorph-conjugate subgroup: Two Hall subgroups that are automorphs of each other, need not be conjugate. For full proof, refer: Hall not implies automorph-conjugate

Metaproperties

Transitivity

This subgroup property is transitive: a subgroup with this property in a subgroup with this property, also has this property in the whole group.
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A Hall subgroup of a Hall subgroup is a Hall subgroup. This follows from the fact that the index is multiplicative. For full proof, refer: Hall satisfies transitivity

Trimness

This subgroup property is trim -- it is both trivially true (true for the trivial subgroup) and identity-true (true for a group as a subgroup of itself).
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The property of being a Hall subgroup is trivially true, that is, the trivial subgroup is a Hall subgroup in any group.

It is also identity-true, that is, every finite group is a Hall subgroup of itself.

Intermediate subgroup condition

YES: This subgroup property satisfies the intermediate subgroup condition: if a subgroup has the property in the whole group, it has the property in every intermediate subgroup.
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This states that if $H$ is a Hall subgroup of $G$ and $K$ is some subgroup containing $H$, then $H$ is a Hall subgroup of $K$.

For full proof, refer: Hall satisfies intermediate subgroup condition

Transfer condition

This subgroup property does not satisfy the transfer condition

For full proof, refer: Hall does not satisfy transfer condition

History

The notion of Hall subgroup was introduced by Philip Hall who studied their properties and proved the theorem that a group is solvable if and only if it has Hall subgroups of all possible orders. (see ECD condition for pi-subgroups in finite solvable groups and Hall's theorem).