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Historical definitions of normal subgroup

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The first definition of the concept of normal subgroups was given by Galois, with the name décomposition propre.

Translated into English, it states:

In both cases the group of the equation is partitioned by the adjunction into groups such that one passes from one to the other by means of the same substitution; but it is only in the second case that it is certain that these groups have the same substitutions. This is called a proper decomposition.
In other words, when a group G contains another group H, then the group G cam be divided into groups that are obtained by performing the same substitution on the permutations of H, so that:
G = H + HS + HS' + \dots
It can also be divided into groups with the same substitutions so that
G = H + TH + T'H + \dots
These two kinds of decompositions do not ordinarily coincide. When they do, the decomposition is said to be proper.

References

Paper references

Textbook references

  • The Genesis of the Abstract Group Concept by Hans Wussing, ISBN 0486458687More info, Page 115
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