# Every element of a finite field is expressible as a sum of two squares

## History

This result is attributed to Henry Mann.

## Statement

Suppose $k$ is a finite field. Then, every element $x \in k$ can be expressed in the form $x = a^2 + b^2$, where $a,b \in k$.

## Facts used

1. Multiplicative group of a finite field is cyclic: We actually only need the weaker statement that, for a field of odd characteristic, exactly half the elements of the multiplicative group are squares.
2. Product of subsets whose total size exceeds size of group equals whole group: If $A,B$ are subsets of a finite group $G$, where $|A| + |B| > |G|$, then $G = AB$.

## Proof

### Case of characteristic two

In this case, the square map is surjective and every element is a square, because the multiplicative group is of odd order.

### Case of odd characteristic

1. Reasoning in the multiplicative group: Suppose $k$ has $q$ elements. Then its multiplicative group $k^\times$ has $q - 1$ elements. By fact (1), the multiplicative group is cyclic of order $q - 1$, which is even. Thus, exactly half the elements (corresponding to even powers of the generator) are squares. Since $0$ is also a square, we obtain $(q + 1)/2$ elements of $k$ that are squares.
2. Reasoning in the additive group: We now apply fact (2) with $G$ as the additive group of $k$, which has size $q$, and both $A$ and $B$ as equal to the set of (multiplicative) squares, which has size $(q + 1)/2$.