Difference between revisions of "Subgroup structure of dihedral groups"

Latest revision as of 20:14, 9 September 2009

Subgroups of the form $\langle a^d \rangle$ , where $d | n$ . There is one such subgroup for each $d$ . The total number of such subgroups is $\tau(n)$ or $\sigma_0(n)$ , i.e., the number of positive divisors of $n$ .
Subgroups of the form $\langle a^d, a^rx\rangle$ where $d | n$ and $0 \le r < d$ . There are thus $d$ such subgroups for each such divisor $d$ . The total number of such subgroups is $\sigma(n)$ or $\sigma_1(n)$ , i.e., the sum of positive divisors of $n$ .

We consider various cases when discussing subgroup structure:

The special cases $n = 1, n = 2, n = 4$ .
The special case where $n$ is a power of $2$ .
The special case where $n$ is odd.

The subgroup $\langle a \rangle$

Further information: Cyclic subgroup of dihedral group

The special case $n = 1$

In the case $n = 1$ , the subgroup $\langle a \rangle$ is trivial, and the whole group is cyclic of order two generated by $x$ .

The special case of $n = 2$

In the case $n = 2$ , the group $D_{2n}$ is the Klein four-group:

$D_4 = \langle a,x \mid a^2 = x^2 = e, ax = xa \rangle$ .

For this, the subgroup $\langle a \rangle$ is a normal subgroup, but not a characteristic subgroup.

The case $n \ge 3$

In the case $n \ge 3$ , the subgroup $\langle a \rangle$ is the unique cyclic subgroup of order $n$ . It satisfies the following properties:

Prehomomorph-contained subgroup: For full proof, refer: Cyclic subgroup is prehomomorph-contained in dihedral group
Isomorph-containing subgroup (for finite $n$ , this is equivalent to isomorph-free subgroup): For full proof, refer: Cyclic subgroup is isomorph-containing in dihedral group
Characteristic subgroup: For full proof, refer: Cyclic subgroup is characteristic in dihedral group

These facts have a number of generalizations:

Abelian subgroup is isomorph-free in generalized dihedral group unless it is an elementary abelian 2-group

The case $n \ne 1,2, 4$

In the case $n \ne 2, 4$ , the subgroup $\langle a \rangle$ is the centralizer of commutator subgroup, i.e., it is the centralizer in $D_{2n}$ of the commutator subgroup of $D_{2n}$ , which is $\langle a^2 \rangle$ .

There are a number of generalizations/related facts:

Commutator subgroup centralizes cyclic normal subgroup: In particular, the cyclic part in a dihedral group is contained in the centralizer of commutator subgroup for all $n$ . The cases $n = 2,4$ need to be excluded because these are the only cases where the centralizer of commutator subgroup is bigger, i.e., the whole group.
Abelian subgroup equals centralizer of commutator subgroup in generalized dihedral group unless it is a 2-group of exponent at most four
Abelian subgroup is contained in centralizer of commutator subgroup in generalized dihedral group

Odd versus even $n$

When $n$ is odd, the cyclic subgroup of order $n$ in the dihedral group of order $2n$ , satisfies the following properties:

None of these properties are satisfied when $n$ is even.

Also, when $n$ is odd, the cyclic subgroup of order $n$ is the commutator subgroup.

The subgroup $\langle x \rangle$

General facts

Here are some general facts about this subgroup.

Its normalizer is $\langle a^{n/2}, x \rangle$ when $n$ is even. When $n$ is odd, $\langle x \rangle$ is self-normalizing.
The conjugate subgroups to this subgroup are subgroups of the form $\langle a^{2r}x \rangle$ . When $n$ is odd, this includes all subgroups of the form $\langle a^k x \rangle$ , whereas if $n$ is even, this includes only half the subgroups of the form $\langle a^k x \rangle$ . There are thus $n/2$ conjugate subgroups if $n$ is even and $n$ conjugate subgroups if $n$ is odd.
If $n = 2$ ,there are three automorphic subgroups, $\langle a \rangle, \langle x \rangle, \langle ax \rangle$ . If $n \ne 2$ , the automorphic subgroups to this subgroup are subgroups of the form $\langle a^r x \rangle$ . There are thus $n$ of them if $n \ne 2$ .
The normal closure of $\langle x \rangle$ is $\langle a^2, x \rangle$ . This is the whole group if $n$ is odd and is a subgroup of index two if $n$ is even.

The special case of $n = 2$

When $n = 2$ , the dihedral group is the Klein four-group, and $\langle x \rangle$ is a normal subgroup. There is no other $n$ for which $\langle x \rangle$ is a normal subgroup.

The case $n \ge 3$

Some properties satisfied whenever $n \ge 3$ are:

Core-free subgroup

Odd versus even $n$

When $n$ is odd, then the subgroup $\langle x \rangle$ satisfies the following properties:

On the other hand, when $n$ is even, this subgroup satisfies none of these properties.

The case where $n$ is a power of two

When $n$ is a power of two, the subgroup $\langle x \rangle$ satisfies the following properties:

Subnormal subgroup: In particular, when $n = 2^k$ , $\langle x \rangle$ is a $k$ -subnormal subgroup.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{group family-specific information|
+information type = subgroup structure|
+group family = dihedral group|
+connective = of}}
 We study here the subgroup structure of ''finite'' [[dihedral group]]s. See [[subgroup structure of infinite dihedral group]] for the subgroup structure of the [[infinite dihedral group]].
@@ Line 9: / Line 14: @@
 There are two kinds of subgroups:
-# Subgroups of the form <math>\langle a^d \rangle</math>, where <math>d | n</math>. There is one such subgroup for each <math>d</math>. The total number of such subgroups is <math>\tau(n)</math> or <math>\sigma_0(n)</math>, i.e., the [[divisor count function|number of positive divisors]] of <math>n</math>.
+# Subgroups of the form <math>\langle a^d \rangle</math>, where <math>d | n</math>. There is one such subgroup for each <math>d</math>. The total number of such subgroups is <math>\tau(n)</math> or <math>\sigma_0(n)</math>, i.e., the [[number:divisor count function|number of positive divisors]] of <math>n</math>.
-# Subgroups of the form <math>\langle a^d, a^rx\rangle</math> where <math>d | n</math> and <math>0 \le r < d</math>. There are thus <math>d</math> such subgroups for each such divisor <math>d</math>. The total number of such subgroups is <math>\sigma(n)</math> or <math>\sigma_1(n)</math>, i.e., the [[divisor sum function|sum of positive divisors]] of <math>n</math>.
+# Subgroups of the form <math>\langle a^d, a^rx\rangle</math> where <math>d | n</math> and <math>0 \le r < d</math>. There are thus <math>d</math> such subgroups for each such divisor <math>d</math>. The total number of such subgroups is <math>\sigma(n)</math> or <math>\sigma_1(n)</math>, i.e., the [[number:divisor sum function|sum of positive divisors]] of <math>n</math>.
 We consider various cases when discussing subgroup structure:
-* The special cases <math>n = 2, n = 4</math>.
+* The special cases <math>n = 1, n = 2, n = 4</math>.
 * The special case where <math>n</math> is a power of <math>2</math>.
 * The special case where <math>n</math> is odd.
@@ Line 21: / Line 26: @@
 {{further|[[Cyclic subgroup of dihedral group]]}}
+===The special case <math>n = 1</math>===
+In the case <math>n = 1</math>, the subgroup <math>\langle a \rangle</math> is trivial, and the whole group is [[cyclic group:Z2|cyclic of order two]] generated by <math>x</math>.
 ===The special case of <math>n = 2</math>===
@@ Line 35: / Line 44: @@
 * [[Prehomomorph-contained subgroup]]: {{proofat|[[Cyclic subgroup is prehomomorph-contained in dihedral group]]}}
-* [[Isomorph-free subgroup]]: {{proofat|[[Cyclic subgroup is isomorph-free in dihedral group]]}}
+* [[Isomorph-containing subgroup]] (for finite <math>n</math>, this is equivalent to [[isomorph-free subgroup]]): {{proofat|[[Cyclic subgroup is isomorph-containing in dihedral group]]}}
 * [[Characteristic subgroup]]: {{proofat|[[Cyclic subgroup is characteristic in dihedral group]]}}
-===The case <math>n \ne 4</math>===
+These facts have a number of generalizations:
+* [[Abelian subgroup is isomorph-free in generalized dihedral group unless it is an elementary abelian 2-group]]
+===The case <math>n \ne 1,2, 4</math>===
+In the case <math>n \ne 2, 4</math>, the subgroup <math>\langle a \rangle</math> is the [[centralizer of commutator subgroup]], i.e., it is the centralizer in <math>D_{2n}</math> of the [[commutator subgroup]] of <math>D_{2n}</math>, which is <math>\langle a^2 \rangle</math>.
+There are a number of generalizations/related facts:
-In the case <math>n \ne 4</math>, the subgroup <math>\langle a \rangle</math> is the [[centralizer of commutator subgroup]], i.e., it is the centralizer in <math>D_{2n}</math> of the [[commutator subgroup]] of <math>D_{2n}</math>, which is <math>\langle a^2 \rangle</math>.
+* [[Commutator subgroup centralizes cyclic normal subgroup]]: In particular, the cyclic part in a dihedral group is contained in the [[centralizer of commutator subgroup]] for all <math>n</math>. The cases <math>n = 2,4</math> need to be excluded because these are the only cases where the centralizer of commutator subgroup is ''bigger'', i.e., the whole group.
+* [[Abelian subgroup equals centralizer of commutator subgroup in generalized dihedral group unless it is a 2-group of exponent at most four]]
+* [[Abelian subgroup is contained in centralizer of commutator subgroup in generalized dihedral group]]
 ===Odd versus even <math>n</math>===

Difference between revisions of "Subgroup structure of dihedral groups"

Latest revision as of 20:14, 9 September 2009

Contents

The subgroup $\langle a \rangle$

The special case $n = 1$

The special case of $n = 2$

The case $n \ge 3$

The case $n \ne 1,2, 4$

Odd versus even $n$

The subgroup $\langle x \rangle$

General facts

The special case of $n = 2$

The case $n \ge 3$

Odd versus even $n$

The case where $n$ is a power of two

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Difference between revisions of "Subgroup structure of dihedral groups"

Latest revision as of 20:14, 9 September 2009

Contents

The subgroup

The special case

The special case of

The case

The case

Odd versus even

The subgroup

General facts

The special case of

The case

Odd versus even

The case where is a power of two

Navigation menu

Search

The subgroup $\langle a \rangle$

The special case $n = 1$

The special case of $n = 2$

The case $n \ge 3$

The case $n \ne 1,2, 4$

Odd versus even $n$

The subgroup $\langle x \rangle$

The special case of $n = 2$

The case $n \ge 3$

Odd versus even $n$

The case where $n$ is a power of two