Difference between revisions of "Linear representation theory of symmetric group:S5"

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==Summary==
 
==Summary==
  
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<section begin="summary"/>
 
{| class="sortable" border="1"
 
{| class="sortable" border="1"
 
! Item !! Value
 
! Item !! Value
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Degrees of irreducible representations]] over a splitting field || 1,1,4,4,5,5,6<br>[[maximum degree of irreducible representation|maximum]]: 6, [[lcm of degrees of irreducible representations|lcm]]: 60, [[number of irreducible representations equals number of conjugacy classes|number]]: 7
+
| [[Degrees of irreducible representations]] over a [[splitting field]] (such as <math>\overline{\mathbb{Q}}</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}</math>) || 1,1,4,4,5,5,6<br>[[maximum degree of irreducible representation|maximum]]: 6, [[lcm of degrees of irreducible representations|lcm]]: 60, [[number of irreducible representations equals number of conjugacy classes|number]]: 7, [[sum of squares of degrees of irreducible representations equals order of group|sum of squares]]: 120
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Schur index]] values of irreducible representations || 1,1,1,1,1,1,1<br>[[maximum Schur index of irreducible representation|maximum]]: 1, [[lcm of Schur indices of irreducible representations|lcm]]: 1
 
| [[Schur index]] values of irreducible representations || 1,1,1,1,1,1,1<br>[[maximum Schur index of irreducible representation|maximum]]: 1, [[lcm of Schur indices of irreducible representations|lcm]]: 1
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| Smallest size [[splitting field]] || [[field:F7]], i.e., the field of 7 elements.
 
| Smallest size [[splitting field]] || [[field:F7]], i.e., the field of 7 elements.
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
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<section end="summary"/>
 
==Family contexts==
 
==Family contexts==
  
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! Family name !! Parameter values !! General discussion of linear representation theory of family
 
! Family name !! Parameter values !! General discussion of linear representation theory of family
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[symmetric group]] || 5 || [[linear representation theory of symmetric groups]]
+
| [[symmetric group]] <math>S_n</math> of degree <math>n</math> || <math>n = 5</math> || [[Family version::linear representation theory of symmetric groups]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[projective general linear group of degree two]] || [[field:F5]] || [[linear representation theory of projective general linear group of degree two]]
+
| [[projective general linear group of degree two]] over a [[finite field]] of size <math>q</math> || <math>q = 5</math>, i.e., [[field:F5]], so the group is <math>PGL(2,5)</math> || [[Family version::linear representation theory of projective general linear group of degree two over a finite field]]
 
|}
 
|}
  
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{| class="sortable" border="1"
 
{| class="sortable" border="1"
−
! Common name of representation !! Degree !! Partition corresponding to representation !! Hook length formula for degree !! Conjugate partition !! Representation for conjugate partition
+
! Common name of representation !! Degree !! Corresponding [[unordered integer partition|partition]] !! Young diagram !! [[Hook-length formula]] for degree !! Conjugate partition !! Representation for conjugate partition
 +
|-
 +
| trivial representation || 1 || 5 || || <math>\frac{5!}{5 \cdot 4 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1}</math> || 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 || sign representation
 +
|-
 +
| sign representation || 1 || 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 ||  || <math>\frac{5!}{5 \cdot 4 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1}</math> || 5 || trivial representation
 +
|-
 +
| standard representation || 4 || 4 + 1 || || <math>\frac{5!}{5 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1}</math> || 2 + 1 + 1 + 1|| product of standard and sign representation
 +
|-
 +
| product of standard and sign representation || 4 || 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 || || <math>\frac{5!}{5 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1}</math> || 4 + 1 || standard representation
 +
|-
 +
| irreducible five-dimensional representation || 5 || 3 + 2 || || <math>\frac{5!}{4 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1}</math> || 2 + 2 + 1 || other irreducible five-dimensional representation
 +
|-
 +
| irreducible five-dimensional representation || 5 || 2 + 2 + 1 || || <math>\frac{5!}{4 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1}</math> || 3 + 2|| other irreducible five-dimensional representation
 +
|-
 +
| exterior square of standard representation || 6 || 3 + 1 + 1 || || <math>\frac{5!}{5 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1}</math> || 3 +  1 + 1 || the same representation, because the partition is self-conjugate.
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
===Interpretation as projective general linear group of degree two===
 +
 
 +
{{quotation|Compare and contrast with [[linear representation theory of projective general linear group of degree two over a finite field]]}}
 +
 
 +
Below is an interpretation of the group as the [[projective general linear group of degree two]] over [[field:F5]], the field of five elements.
 +
 
 +
{| class="sortable" border="1"
 +
! Description of collection of representations !! Parameter for describing each representation !! How the representation is described !! Degree of each representation (general odd <math>q</math>) !! Degree of each representation (<math>q = 5</math>) !! Number of representations (general odd <math>q</math>) !! Number of representations (<math>q = 5</math>) !! Sum of squares of degrees (general odd <math>q</math>) !! Sum of squares of degrees (<math>q = 5</math>) !! Symmetric group name
 +
|-
 +
| Trivial || -- || <math>x \mapsto 1</math>|| 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || trivial
 +
|-
 +
| Sign representation || -- || Kernel is [[projective special linear group of degree two]] (in this case, [[alternating group:A5]]), image is <math>\{ \pm 1 \}</math> || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || sign
 +
|-
 +
| Nontrivial component of permutation representation of <math>PGL_2</math> on the projective line over <math>\mathbb{F}_q</math> || -- || -- || <math>q</math> || 5 || 1 || 1 || <math>q^2</math> || 25 || irreducible 5D
 +
|-
 +
| Tensor product of sign representation and nontrivial component of permutation representation on projective line || -- || -- || <math>q</math> || 5 || 1 || 1 || <math>q^2</math> || 25 || other irreducible 5D
 +
|-
 +
| Induced from one-dimensional representation of Borel subgroup || ? || ? || <math>q + 1</math> || 6 || <math>(q-3)/2</math> || 1 || <math>(q+1)^2(q-3)/2</math> || 36 || exterior square of standard representation
 +
|-
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| Unclear || a nontrivial homomorphism <math>\varphi:\mathbb{F}_{q^2}^\ast \to \mathbb{C}^\ast</math>, with the property that <math>\varphi(x)^{q+1} = 1</math> for all <math>x</math>, and <math>\varphi</math> takes values other than <math>\pm 1</math>. Identify <math>\varphi</math> and <math>\varphi^q</math>. || unclear || <math>q - 1</math> || 4 || <math>(q-1)/2</math> || 2 || <math>(q-1)^3/2</math> || 32 || standard representation, product of standard and sign
 +
|-
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! Total || NA || NA || NA || NA || <math>q + 2</math> || 7 || <math>q^3 - q</math> || 120 || NA
 +
|}
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 +
==Character table==
 +
 
 +
{{character table facts to check against}}
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<section begin="character table"/>
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{| class="sortable" border="1"
 +
! Representation/conjugacy class representative and size !! <math>()</math> (size 1) !! <math>(1,2)</math> (size 10) !! <math>(1,2)(3,4)</math> (size 15) !! <math>(1,2,3)</math> (size 20) !!  <math>(1,2,3)(4,5)</math> (size 20)  !! <math>(1,2,3,4,5)</math> (size 24) !!  <math>(1,2,3,4)</math> (size 30)
 +
|-
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| trivial representation || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1  || 1 || 1
 +
|-
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| sign representation || 1 || -1 || 1 || 1 || -1  || 1 || -1
 +
|-
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| standard representation || 4 || 2 || 0 || 1 || -1 || -1|| 0
 +
|-
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| product of standard and sign representation || 4 || -2 || 0 || 1 || 1 || -1|| 0
 +
|-
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| irreducible five-dimensional representation || 5 || 1 || 1 || -1 || 1 || 0 || -1
 +
|-
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| irreducible five-dimensional representation || 5 || -1 || 1 || -1 || -1 || 0|| 1
 +
|-
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| exterior square of standard representation || 6 || 0 || -2 || 0 || 0 || 1|| 0
 +
|}
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<section end="character table"/>
 +
Below are the size-degree-weighted characters, i.e., these are obtained by multiplying the character value by the size of the conjugacy class and then dividing by the degree of the representation. Note that [[size-degree-weighted characters are algebraic integers]].
 +
 
 +
{| class="sortable" border="1"
 +
! Representation/conjugacy class representative and size !! <math>()</math> (size 1) !! <math>(1,2)</math> (size 10) !! <math>(1,2)(3,4)</math> (size 15) !! <math>(1,2,3)</math> (size 20) !!  <math>(1,2,3)(4,5)</math> (size 20)  !! <math>(1,2,3,4,5)</math> (size 24) !!  <math>(1,2,3,4)</math> (size 30)
 
|-
 
|-
−
| trivial representation || 1 || 5 || <math>\frac{5!}{5 \cdot 4 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1}</math> || 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 || sign representation
+
| trivial representation || 1 || 10 || 15 || 20 || 20 || 24|| 30
 
|-
 
|-
−
| sign representation || 1 || 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 || <math>\frac{5!}{5 \cdot 4 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1}</math> || 5 || trivial representation
+
| sign representation || 1 || -10 || 15 || 20 || -20 || 24|| -30
 
|-
 
|-
−
| standard representation || 4 || 4 + 1 || <math>\frac{5!}{5 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1}</math> || 2 + 1 + 1 + 1|| product of standard and sign representation
+
| standard representation || 1 || 5 || 0 || 5 || -5 || -6 || 0
 
|-
 
|-
−
| product of standard and sign representation || 4 || 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 || <math>\frac{5!}{5 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1}</math> || 4 + 1 || standard representation
+
| product of standard and sign representation || 1 || -5 || 0 || 5 || 5 || -6 || 0
 
|-
 
|-
−
| irreducible five-dimensional representation || 5 || 3 + 2 || <math>\frac{5!}{4 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1}</math> || 2 + 2 + 1 || other irreducible five-dimensional representation
+
| irreducible five-dimensional representation || 1 || 2 || 3 || -4 || 4 || 0 || -6
 
|-
 
|-
−
| irreducible five-dimensional representation || 5 || 2 + 2 + 1 || <math>\frac{5!}{4 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1}</math> || 3 + 2|| other irreducible five-dimensional representation
+
| irreducible five-dimensional representation || 1 || -2 || 3 || -4 || -4 || 0 || 6
 
|-
 
|-
−
| exterior square of standard representation || 6 || 3 + 1 + 1 || <math>\frac{5!}{5 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1}</math> || 3 +  1 + 1 || the same representation, because the partition is self-conjugate.
+
| exterior square of standard representation || 1 || 0 || -5 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
==GAP implementation==
 +
 +
The degrees of irreducible representations can be computed using GAP's [[GAP:CharacterDegrees|CharacterDegrees]] function:
 +
 +
<pre>gap> CharacterDegrees(SymmetricGroup(5));
 +
[ [ 1, 2 ], [ 4, 2 ], [ 5, 2 ], [ 6, 1 ] ]</pre>
 +
 +
This means that there are 2 degree 1 irreducible representations, 2 degree 4 irreducible representations, 2 degree 5 irreducible representations, and 1 degree 6 irreducible representation.
 +
 +
The characters of all irreducible representations can be computed in full using GAP's [[GAP:CharacterTable|CharacterTable]] function:
 +
 +
<pre>gap> Irr(CharacterTable(SymmetricGroup(5)));
 +
[ Character( CharacterTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 5 ] ) ), [ 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1 ] ),
 +
  Character( CharacterTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 5 ] ) ), [ 4, -2, 0, 1, 1, 0, -1 ] ),
 +
  Character( CharacterTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 5 ] ) ), [ 5, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 0 ] ),
 +
  Character( CharacterTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 5 ] ) ), [ 6, 0, -2, 0, 0, 0, 1 ] ),
 +
  Character( CharacterTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 5 ] ) ), [ 5, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 0 ] ),
 +
  Character( CharacterTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 5 ] ) ), [ 4, 2, 0, 1, -1, 0, -1 ] ),
 +
  Character( CharacterTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 5 ] ) ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ) ]</pre>

Latest revision as of 05:41, 16 January 2013

This article gives specific information, namely, linear representation theory, about a particular group, namely: symmetric group:S5.
View linear representation theory of particular groups | View other specific information about symmetric group:S5

This article describes the linear representation theory of symmetric group:S5, a group of order 120. We take this to be the group of permutations on the set \{1,2,3,4,5 \}.

Summary

Item Value
Degrees of irreducible representations over a splitting field (such as \overline{\mathbb{Q}} or \mathbb{C}) 1,1,4,4,5,5,6
maximum: 6, lcm: 60, number: 7, sum of squares: 120
Schur index values of irreducible representations 1,1,1,1,1,1,1
maximum: 1, lcm: 1
Smallest ring of realization for all irreducible representations (characteristic zero) \mathbb{Z} -- ring of integers
Smallest field of realization for all irreducible representations, i.e., smallest splitting field (characteristic zero) \mathbb{Q} -- hence it is a rational representation group
Criterion for a field to be a splitting field Any field of characteristic not equal to 2,3, or 5.
Smallest size splitting field field:F7, i.e., the field of 7 elements.

Family contexts

Family name Parameter values General discussion of linear representation theory of family
symmetric group S_n of degree n n = 5 linear representation theory of symmetric groups
projective general linear group of degree two over a finite field of size q q = 5, i.e., field:F5, so the group is PGL(2,5) linear representation theory of projective general linear group of degree two over a finite field

Degrees of irreducible representations

FACTS TO CHECK AGAINST FOR DEGREES OF IRREDUCIBLE REPRESENTATIONS OVER SPLITTING FIELD:
Divisibility facts: degree of irreducible representation divides group order | degree of irreducible representation divides index of abelian normal subgroup
Size bounds: order of inner automorphism group bounds square of degree of irreducible representation| degree of irreducible representation is bounded by index of abelian subgroup| maximum degree of irreducible representation of group is less than or equal to product of maximum degree of irreducible representation of subgroup and index of subgroup
Cumulative facts: sum of squares of degrees of irreducible representations equals order of group | number of irreducible representations equals number of conjugacy classes | number of one-dimensional representations equals order of abelianization

Note that the linear representation theory of the symmetric group of degree four works over any field of characteristic not equal to two or three, and the list of degrees is 1,1,4,4,5,5,6.

Interpretation as symmetric group

Common name of representation Degree Corresponding partition Young diagram Hook-length formula for degree Conjugate partition Representation for conjugate partition
trivial representation 1 5 \frac{5!}{5 \cdot 4 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1} 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 sign representation
sign representation 1 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 \frac{5!}{5 \cdot 4 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1} 5 trivial representation
standard representation 4 4 + 1 \frac{5!}{5 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1} 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 product of standard and sign representation
product of standard and sign representation 4 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 \frac{5!}{5 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1} 4 + 1 standard representation
irreducible five-dimensional representation 5 3 + 2 \frac{5!}{4 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1} 2 + 2 + 1 other irreducible five-dimensional representation
irreducible five-dimensional representation 5 2 + 2 + 1 \frac{5!}{4 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1} 3 + 2 other irreducible five-dimensional representation
exterior square of standard representation 6 3 + 1 + 1 \frac{5!}{5 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1} 3 + 1 + 1 the same representation, because the partition is self-conjugate.

Interpretation as projective general linear group of degree two

Compare and contrast with linear representation theory of projective general linear group of degree two over a finite field

Below is an interpretation of the group as the projective general linear group of degree two over field:F5, the field of five elements.

Description of collection of representations Parameter for describing each representation How the representation is described Degree of each representation (general odd q) Degree of each representation (q = 5) Number of representations (general odd q) Number of representations (q = 5) Sum of squares of degrees (general odd q) Sum of squares of degrees (q = 5) Symmetric group name
Trivial -- x \mapsto 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 trivial
Sign representation -- Kernel is projective special linear group of degree two (in this case, alternating group:A5), image is \{ \pm 1 \} 1 1 1 1 1 1 sign
Nontrivial component of permutation representation of PGL_2 on the projective line over \mathbb{F}_q -- -- q 5 1 1 q^2 25 irreducible 5D
Tensor product of sign representation and nontrivial component of permutation representation on projective line -- -- q 5 1 1 q^2 25 other irreducible 5D
Induced from one-dimensional representation of Borel subgroup  ?  ? q + 1 6 (q-3)/2 1 (q+1)^2(q-3)/2 36 exterior square of standard representation
Unclear a nontrivial homomorphism \varphi:\mathbb{F}_{q^2}^\ast \to \mathbb{C}^\ast, with the property that \varphi(x)^{q+1} = 1 for all x, and \varphi takes values other than \pm 1. Identify \varphi and \varphi^q. unclear q - 1 4 (q-1)/2 2 (q-1)^3/2 32 standard representation, product of standard and sign
Total NA NA NA NA q + 2 7 q^3 - q 120 NA

Character table

FACTS TO CHECK AGAINST (for characters of irreducible linear representations over a splitting field):
Orthogonality relations: Character orthogonality theorem | Column orthogonality theorem
Separation results (basically says rows independent, columns independent): Splitting implies characters form a basis for space of class functions|Character determines representation in characteristic zero
Numerical facts: Characters are cyclotomic integers | Size-degree-weighted characters are algebraic integers
Character value facts: Irreducible character of degree greater than one takes value zero on some conjugacy class| Conjugacy class of more than average size has character value zero for some irreducible character | Zero-or-scalar lemma
Representation/conjugacy class representative and size () (size 1) (1,2) (size 10) (1,2)(3,4) (size 15) (1,2,3) (size 20) (1,2,3)(4,5) (size 20) (1,2,3,4,5) (size 24) (1,2,3,4) (size 30)
trivial representation 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
sign representation 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
standard representation 4 2 0 1 -1 -1 0
product of standard and sign representation 4 -2 0 1 1 -1 0
irreducible five-dimensional representation 5 1 1 -1 1 0 -1
irreducible five-dimensional representation 5 -1 1 -1 -1 0 1
exterior square of standard representation 6 0 -2 0 0 1 0

Below are the size-degree-weighted characters, i.e., these are obtained by multiplying the character value by the size of the conjugacy class and then dividing by the degree of the representation. Note that size-degree-weighted characters are algebraic integers.

Representation/conjugacy class representative and size () (size 1) (1,2) (size 10) (1,2)(3,4) (size 15) (1,2,3) (size 20) (1,2,3)(4,5) (size 20) (1,2,3,4,5) (size 24) (1,2,3,4) (size 30)
trivial representation 1 10 15 20 20 24 30
sign representation 1 -10 15 20 -20 24 -30
standard representation 1 5 0 5 -5 -6 0
product of standard and sign representation 1 -5 0 5 5 -6 0
irreducible five-dimensional representation 1 2 3 -4 4 0 -6
irreducible five-dimensional representation 1 -2 3 -4 -4 0 6
exterior square of standard representation 1 0 -5 0 0 4 0

GAP implementation

The degrees of irreducible representations can be computed using GAP's CharacterDegrees function: 

gap> CharacterDegrees(SymmetricGroup(5));
[ [ 1, 2 ], [ 4, 2 ], [ 5, 2 ], [ 6, 1 ] ]

This means that there are 2 degree 1 irreducible representations, 2 degree 4 irreducible representations, 2 degree 5 irreducible representations, and 1 degree 6 irreducible representation.

The characters of all irreducible representations can be computed in full using GAP's CharacterTable function: 

gap> Irr(CharacterTable(SymmetricGroup(5)));
[ Character( CharacterTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 5 ] ) ), [ 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1 ] ),
  Character( CharacterTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 5 ] ) ), [ 4, -2, 0, 1, 1, 0, -1 ] ),
  Character( CharacterTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 5 ] ) ), [ 5, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 0 ] ),
  Character( CharacterTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 5 ] ) ), [ 6, 0, -2, 0, 0, 0, 1 ] ),
  Character( CharacterTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 5 ] ) ), [ 5, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 0 ] ),
  Character( CharacterTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 5 ] ) ), [ 4, 2, 0, 1, -1, 0, -1 ] ),
  Character( CharacterTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 5 ] ) ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ) ]
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