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Contents 1 Definition 1.1 As a group of matrices 1.2 As a semidirect product 2 Families 3 Elements 3.1 Upto conjugacy 3.2 Upto automorphism 4 Arithmetic functions 4.1 Arithmetic functions taking values between 0 and 3 4.2 Arithmetic functions of a counting nature 5 Subgroups 5.1 Normal subgroups 5.2 Characteristic subgroups 6 Subgroup-defining functions 6.1 Quotient-defining function 7 GAP implementation 7.1 GAP ID 7.2 As an extraspecial group 8 Endomorphisms 8.1 Automorphisms 9 Related groups

Definition

As a group of matrices

Given a prime p, the group U₃(p) is defined as follows: it is the group of upper triangular matrices with 1s on the diagonal, and entries over F_p (with the group operation being matrix multiplication).

Each such matrix (a_ij) can be described by the three entries a₁₂,a₁₃,a₂₃. The matrix looks like:

The multiplication of matrices A = (a_ij) and B = (b_ij) gives the matrix C = (c_ij) where:

• c₁₂ = a₁₂ + b₁₂
• c₁₃ = a₁₃ + b₁₃ + a₁₂b₂₃
• c₂₃ = a₂₃ + b₂₃

The analysis given below does not apply to the case p = 2. For p = 2, we get the dihedral group:D8, which is studied separately. For further information on the contrast between the case of 2 and of odd primes, refer U3p:odd prime versus two.

As a semidirect product

This group of order p³ can also be described as a semidirect product of the elementary Abelian group of order p² by the cyclic group of order p, where the generator of the cyclic group of order p acts via the automorphism:

In this case, for instance, we can take the subgroup with a12 = 0 as the elementary Abelian subgroup of order p² and the subgroup with a₂₃ = a₁₃ = 0 as the cyclic subgroup of order p.

Families

1. These groups fall in the more general family U(n,p) of unipotent upper-triangular matrices, which is the p-Sylow subgroup of the general linear group GL(n,p). This further can be generalized to U(n,q) where q is the power of a prime p, which is the p-Sylow subgroup of GL(n,q).
2. These groups also fall into the general family of extraspecial groups.

Elements

Upto conjugacy

Every element has order p.

The conjugacy classes are as follows:

1. The center has order precisely p, so there are p elements that form conjugacy classes of size 1. These are, specifically, the elements with a₁₂ = a₂₃ = 0, and they're thus parametrized by their a₁₃ entry.
2. For every element outside the center, the centralizer of that element is the subgroup generated by that element and the center, and is hence of order p². Thus, the conjugacy class of the element is of size p. Thus, there is a total of p² − 1 conjugacy classes of size p.

Upto automorphism

There are only three classes of elements upto automorphism:

1. The identity element, which forms a class of size 1
2. The non-identity elements in the center, which form a class of size p − 1
3. The non-central elements, which form a class of size p³ − p

Arithmetic functions

Compare and contrast arithmetic function values with other groups of prime-cube order at Groups of prime-cube order#Arithmetic functions

For some of these, the function values are different when p = 2 and/or when p = 3. These are clearly indicated below.

Arithmetic functions taking values between 0 and 3

Function	Value	Explanation
prime-base logarithm of order	3	the order is p3
prime-base logarithm of exponent	1	the exponent is p1. Exception when p = 2, where the exponent is 22 = 4.
nilpotency class	2
derived length	2
Frattini length	2
minimum size of generating set	2
subgroup rank	2
rank as p-group	2
normal rank as p-group	2
characteristic rank as p-group	1

Arithmetic functions of a counting nature

Function	Value	Explanation
number of conjugacy classes		p elements in the center, and each other conjugacy class has size p
number of subgroups	when , 10 when p = 2
number of normal subgroups
number of conjugacy classes of subgroups	for , 8 for p = 2

Subgroups

Further information: Subgroup structure of prime-cube order group:U3p Here is the complete list of subgroups:

1. The trivial subgroup (1)
2. The center, which is a group of order p. In matrix terms, this is the subgroup comprising matrices a_ij with a₁₂ = a₂₃ = 0. (1)
3. Subgroups of order p generated by non-central elements. These are not normal, and occur in conjugacy classes of size p. (p(p + 1))
4. Subgroups of order p² containing the center. These are the inverse images via the quotient map by the center, of subgroups of order p in the inner automorphism group. (p + 1)
5. The whole group. (1)

Normal subgroups

The subgroups in (1), (2), (4) and (5) above are normal.

Characteristic subgroups

The subgroups in (1), (2) and (5) above are normal. In other words, there are only three characteristic subgroups. Some notable facts:

• The group is characteristic-comparable: any two characteristic subgroups can be compared
• More generally, any characteristic subgroup and any normal subgroup can be compared.
• The characteristic subgroups are precisely the subgroups that occur in the derived series, upper central series and lower central series.

Subgroup-defining functions

Subgroup-defining function	Subgroup type in list	Isomorphism class	Comment
Center	(2)	Group of prime order
Commutator subgroup	(2)	Group of prime order
Frattini subgroup	(2)	Group of prime order	The p + 1 maximal subgroups of order p2 intersect here.
Socle	(2)	Group of prime order	This subgroup is the unique minimal normal subgroup, i.e.,the monolith, and the group is monolithic. Also, minimal normal implies central in nilpotent.

Quotient-defining function

Quotient-defining function	Isomorphism class	Comment
Inner automorphism group	Elementary abelian group of prime-square order	It is the quotient by the center, which is of prime order.
Abelianization	Elementary abelian group of prime-square order	It is the quotient by the commutator subgroup, which is of prime order.
Frattini quotient	Elementary abelian group of prime-square order	It is the quotient by the Frattini subgroup, which is of prime order.

GAP implementation

GAP ID

For any prime p, this group is the third group among the groups of order p³. Thus, for instance, if p = 7, the group is described using GAP's SmallGroup function as:

SmallGroup(343,3)

Note that we don't need to compute p³; we can also write this as:

SmallGroup(7^3,3)

As an extraspecial group

For any prime p, we can define this group using GAP's ExtraspecialGroup function as:

ExtraspecialGroup(p^3,'+')

For , it can also be constructed as:

ExtraspecialGroup(p^3,p)

where the argument p indicates that it is the extraspecial group of exponent p. For instance, for p = 5:

ExtraspecialGroup(5^3,5)

Endomorphisms

Automorphisms

The automorphisms essentially permute the subgroups of order p² containing the center, while leaving the center itself unmoved.

Related groups

For any prime p, there are (up to isomorphism) two non-abelian groups of order p³. One of them is this, and the other is the semidirect product of the cyclic group of order p² by a group of order p acting by power maps (with the generator corresponding to multiplication by p + 1).