Characterization of epicenter of finite abelian group

Version for an abelian group of prime power order
 Suppose $$G$$ is an abelian group of prime power order with underlying prime number $$p$$. The classification of finite abelian groups tells us that the possible abelian groups of order $$p^k$$ are given by the set of unordered integer partitions of $$k$$. Explicitly, the group corresponding to the partition $$k = m_1 + m_2 + \dots + m_r$$, with $$m_1 \ge m_2 \ge \dots \ge m_r$$, is:

$$\mathbb{Z}/p^{m_1}\mathbb{Z} \times \mathbb{Z}/p^{m_2}\mathbb{Z} \times \dots \mathbb{Z}/p^{m_r}\mathbb{Z}$$

The characterization of the epicenter of $$G$$, if given in the above form, is as follows:


 * 1) If $$r = 1$$ (i.e., $$G$$ is cyclic) then the epicenter is the whole group $$G$$.
 * 2) If $$r \ge 2$$, the epicenter is (using additive notation for the abelian group $$G$$) $$p^{m_2}G$$, i.e., all elements that are $$p^{m_2}$$ times an element of $$G$$. Note that as an abstract group, this is isomorphic to $$\mathbb{Z}/p^{m_1-m_2}\mathbb{Z}$$.

Observations

 * The epicenter is trivial (making $$G$$ a capable group) if and only if $$m_1 = m_2$$, i.e., there are two cyclic factors of order equal to the exponent of $$G$$.
 * The epicenter itself is a cyclic group of prime power order.

Version for a finite abelian group
In terms of Sylow subgroups: We can first write the finite abelian group as an internal direct product of its Sylow subgroups. Then, compute the epicenter of each Sylow subgroup using the version for an abelian group of prime power order, and finally take the internal direct product back to get the epicenter of the whole group.

We can also give a direct description: if we consider the invariant factors of $$G$$, the epicenter is the subgroup of $$G$$ obtained as follows:


 * If there is a single invariant factor, it is the whole group $$G$$.
 * Otherwise, it is $$dG$$ where $$d$$ is the second last invariant factor (where the invariant factors are arranged in ascending order).

Observations

 * The epicenter is trivial (making $$G$$ a capable group) if and only if the last two invariant factors are equal.
 * The epicenter itself is a finite cyclic group.

Facts
The following follow directly from the characterization:


 * Epicenter is verbal in finite abelian group
 * Epicenter of finite abelian group is epabelian