Left transiter of normal is characteristic

Statement with symbols
Let $$H \le K$$ be a subgroup. The following are equivalent:


 * 1) $$H$$ is a fact about::characteristic subgroup of $$K$$
 * 2) If $$G$$ is a group containing $$K$$ such that $$K$$ is a fact about::normal subgroup of $$G$$, then $$H$$ is also a normal subgroup of $$G$$.

Property-theoretic statement
The left transiter of the subgroup property of normality is the subgroup property of characteristicity. In other words:


 * Characteristic $$*$$ Normal $$\le$$ Normal

Every characteristic subgroup of a normal subgroup is normal (the $$*$$ here is for the composition operator).


 * If $$p$$ is such that:

$$p * $$ Normal $$\le$$ Normal

Then $$p \le$$ Characteristic

Characteristic subgroup

 * Hands-on definition: A subgroup $$H$$ of a group $$G$$ is termed characteristic in $$G$$ if for any automorphism $$\sigma$$ of $$G$$, $$\sigma(H) = H$$.
 * Definition using function restriction expression: A subgroup $$H$$ of a group $$G$$ is termed characteristic in $$G$$ if it has the following function restriction expression:

Automorphism $$\to$$ Automorphism

In other words, every automorphism of $$G$$ restricts to an automorphism of $$H$$.

Normal subgroup

 * Hands-on definition: A subgroup $$H$$ of a group $$G$$ is termed normal in $$G$$ if for every $$g \in G$$, $$gHg^{-1} = H$$.
 * Definition using function restriction expression: A subgroup $$H$$ of a group $$G$$ is termed normal in $$G$$ if it has the following function restriction expression:

Inner automorphism $$\to$$ Automorphism

In other words, every inner automorphism of $$G$$ restricts to an automorphism of $$H$$.

Related left residual computations
All these use the fact that inner automorphism to automorphism is right tight for normality.


 * Left residual of conjugate-permutable by normal is automorph-permutable
 * Left residual of pronormal by normal is procharacteristic
 * Left residual of weakly pronormal by normal is weakly procharacteristic
 * Left residual of paranormal by normal is paracharacteristic
 * Left residual of polynormal by normal is polycharacteristic
 * Left residual of weakly normal by normal is weakly characteristic

Some examples with a somewhat different flavor:


 * Left residual of normal by normal Hall is coprime automorphism-invariant normal

Left transiters of other closely related properties

 * Characteristic implies left-transitively 2-subnormal, Characteristic implies left-transitively fixed-depth subnormal
 * Subgroup-coprime automorphism-invariant implies left-transitively 2-subnormal
 * Complemented normal is not transitive
 * Left-transitively complemented normal implies characteristic, Characteristic not implies left-transitively complemented normal
 * Left-transitively permutable implies characteristic

Upper hooks and related facts

 * Normal upper-hook fully normalized implies characteristic: If $$H \le K \le G$$ are such that $$H$$ is normal in $$G$$ and $$K$$ is fully normalized in $$G$$, then $$H$$ is characteristic in $$K$$.
 * Characteristically simple and normal fully normalized implies minimal normal

Facts used

 * 1) uses::Characteristic of normal implies normal (used for the more direct part of the proof).
 * 2) uses::Inner automorphism to automorphism is right tight for normality

Hands-on proof
Given: A subgroup $$H$$ of a group $$K$$.

To prove: The following are equivalent:


 * 1) $$H$$ is characteristic in $$K$$.
 * 2) For every group $$G$$ in which $$K$$ is normal, $$H$$ is normal in $$G$$.

Proof: (1) implies (2) follows from fact (1). We now prove (2) implies (1).

For the group $$K$$, let $$\operatorname{Hol}(K)$$ denote the holomorph of $$K$$. $$\operatorname{Hol}(K)$$ is the semidirect product of $$K$$ with $$\operatorname{Aut}(K)$$. Observe that every automorphism of $$K$$ lifts to an inner automorphism of $$\operatorname{Hol}(K)$$, and further, that $$K$$ is a normal subgroup of $$\operatorname{Hol}(K)$$.

Now let $$H$$ be a subgroup of $$K$$ with the property that whenever $$K$$ is normal in a group $$G$$, so is $$H$$. We will show that $$H$$ is characteristic in $$K$$.

Take $$G = \operatorname{Hol}(K)$$. Clearly $$K$$ is normal in $$G$$. Now, let $$\sigma \in \operatorname{Aut}(K)$$. Clearly, there is an inner automorphism of $$G$$ whose restriction to $$K$$ is $$\sigma$$ (namely, conjugation by the element of $$\operatorname{Aut}(K)$$ that is $$\sigma$$). But $$H$$ is normal in $$G$$, so every inner automorphism of $$G$$ must leave $$H$$ invariant, and hence $$\sigma$$ must leave $$H$$ invariant. This shows that $$H$$ is invariant under all automorphisms of $$K$$, and hence, is a characteristic subgroup.

Property-theoretic proof
By fact (2), the function restriction expression:

Inner automorphism $$\to$$ Automorphism

is a right tight function restriction expression for normality. In other words, for every automorphism of a group, there is a bigger group in which it is normal, such that the automorphism extends to an inner automorphism in that bigger group. Combining this with fact (3), we see that the left transiter of normality is the property:

Automorphism $$\to$$ Automorphism

which is indeed the property of being a characteristic subgroup.